Technologies Of Wireless Communication - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theTechnologies Of Wireless Communication. Answer: Introduction Wireless communication is a type of communication that does not take the help of wires for transmitting information. It does not use physical wires and cables for connecting devices across the world. It uses the radio and electromagnetic waves for establishing connections among the devices. Wireless technology grants communication and interaction across long distance in a feasible way. This technology was invented in the 18th century. Telephone communication was the first way of communicating over the wireless media. This report focuses on the technology of wireless communication in details. It discusses the engineering process behind such wireless technologies with the concept of physics and other technologies. This report also focuses on the several types of protocols and systems like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, networks on mobile and other PAN protocols. It describes the overall architecture and process of the wireless systems in details. This report mentions the advantages and disadvantages of a number of wireless communication systems in a simplified manner. 1. Brief Description of Wireless System Operations Brief Outline of Wireless System Operations A computer network is an assemblage of a number of electronic devices that are connected via physical or wireless media(Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016). A computer network that is formed by wireless connections with the help of radio and electronic waves are known as wireless communication networks. Figure 1: Computer Network (Source: Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016, p. 180) There are major network devices that are required for facilitating communication: Modem: This device is responsible for converting digital signal into analog signal, analog signal into digital signal. Network Interface Card:This allows the devices to connect to the network. Gateway: This device uses different protocols to connect or establish links among several networks. Router: Router finds the shortest possible route to transmit information from one device to another. Wireless Access Point: This device is used for connecting the wireless communication devices. Transmission channels can be of two types. They are as follows: Physical transmission media Wireless transmission media For understanding the basic concept of wireless transmission, certain terminologies need to be defined. They are as follows: Spectrum: It refers to an array or sequence of radio frequencies allotted to the mobile or wireless sectors and industries for communicating over the air (Lin, Andrews, Ghosh, 2014). All the signals in a wireless networktravel through the radio frequency. The range of the spectrum is above 20 kilohertz. Bandwidth: There are two definitions of bandwidth. Bandwidth of a system, medium or carrier is the rate at which information is transmitted (Baldini et al., 2014). It is expressed in terms of bits per second. Another definition is the discrepancy between the lowest and highest component of frequency in terms of Hertz. Modulation: A carrier signal has several properties that can be modified. This process is termed as modulation. Modulation has two types of signals: modulating(message) and carrier signal. There are few types of modulation in wireless communication. They are as follows: Amplitude modulation: Wireless communication uses a carrier frequency of very high speed. Then this frequency is placed on the carrier by adjusting its amplitude. Figure 2: Amplitude Modulation (Source: Koenig et al., 2013, p.980). Frequency modulation: In this type of modulation, the carrier signals frequency is modified in order to transmit data. The modulating signal is imposed on the carrier signal. Figure 3: Frequency Modulation (Source: Liu et al., 2013,p.42) In the above diagram, the top signal is the message signal that is to be sent. The middle signal is the carrier frequency and then there is the modulated signal. Digital modulation: This type of modulation is used for discrete or digital signals like ones and zeros. It uses the discrete signals to modify the carrier frequency (Utdallas.edu, 2017).Amplitude Shift Keying is a modulation technique where the modulated signals amplitude depends on the input level (Viterbi Omura, 2013). In Phase Shift Keying, the modulated signals phase is changed but its frequency and amplitude remains the same. Interference:Interference can be defined as any type of disturbance that modifies or changes the signal that needs to be transmitted. Sometimes the signals between the source and the receiver are lost due to interference. Interference declines the performance of the system. For example, sometimes we lose the network connection while using our mobile phones due to interference. Wireless Transmission: Transmission in a wireless media does not take place through physical guided media. It takes place with the help of unguided media (Zhuang Ismail, 2012). There are no physical links between the devices in a wireless network. The electromagnetic spectrum is used for the transmission of signals over a wireless network. Figure 4: Wireless Transmission (Source: Zhuang Ismail, 2012, p. 15) Radio transmission: It is easy to develop radio frequency as its wavelength is large and it can pass through strong structures. Lower frequency radio frequency can pass walls but high radio frequencies can travel in a straight line (Ippolito, 2012). Microwave transmission: Electromagnetic waves that have a frequency above 100 MHz can travel in a linear path. Here the senders and receivers need to be arranged in a straight line(Huang Zhou, 2015). Antennas are used to receive the signals. Microwaves do not pass through walls as they have high frequency. Infrared transmission: The position of the infrared wave is between the microwaves and light spectrum (Barry, 2012). Short distance communications take the help of infrared wave. It has high frequency and cannot pass through walls. Light transmission: Optical signaling is the most high level electromagnetic spectrum. Laser is used in order to achieve this. It is an unidirectional transmission (Jovicic, Li, Richardson, 2013). The receiver and photo detector must be installed together and the transmitter and laser must be installed together.(Rajagopal, Roberts Lim, 2012). Types of Wireless Devices There are various types wireless devices. They are as follows: Wireless Routers: These routers receive a signal and sends it to the nearest device or router. Wireless Local Area Network consists of wireless routers. They are well protected with various kinds of firewalls and softwares (Peng Huang, 2015). The internet connection accessed by the people are mostly done by installing wireless routers. Wireless Adapters: These are hardware or physical devices that are installed within a computer. It allows a computer to access the internet (Magi, 2015). Accessing the internet is not possible without the use of wireless adapters. Most of the computers have in built wireless adapters in the motherboard. Figure 5: Wireless Adapter (Source: Magi, 2015, p. 10) Wireless Repeaters: These devices take in the input and magnifies it. After increasing the strength of the signal it sends back the signal (Hinman et al., 2016). A signals strength can be increased by positioning a wireless repeater between a router and a computer. Multiple Access Techniques Multiple access techniques (Standford.edu, 2017) are used by several portable users to simultaneously use or share the radio spectrum.The main motive of the cellular system is to increase the channel capacity (Rom Sidi, 2012). There are several ways to allow multiple accesss. Figure 6: Multiple Access Techniques (Source: Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014, p. 290). They are as given below: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): This is the main technology for the functioning of advanced services of the mobile phone. Different band of frequencies are allocated to different users.Its complexity is less than TDMA (Buranapanichkit Andreopoulos, 2012). The stations simultaneously receives and transmits information. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): There are situations where the requirement for continuous transmission is not there. In such cases TDMA is used (Electronic Design.com, 2017). Only one carrier frequency is used and shared among numerous users. TDMA allocates time slots for each user(Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014). Distinct time slots numbers are used for each frame. This is TDMAs advantage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): This technique is a technique where several transmitters use one channel for sending simultaneous information. The CDMA allows every user to use the entire available spectrum (Zhang et al., 2012). CDMA does not allot separate frequency for each user. CDMA is mostly used in transmission of data and voice. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA): This type of access is also called spatial division multiple access.All users are able to interact at a time. It uses the same channel for communication (Chen Haas, 2015). There is no chance of interference in SDMA.Tracking a moving or mobile user is easy for the base station of SDMA because the antennas used are directional in nature(Techopedia.com, 2017). 2.Description of a number of popular System/Protocols There are several major wireless networking technologies. Some of them are as follows: Brief Description of Bluetooth Technology This technology enables the people to establish connections among a variety of diverse wireless electronic devices for transferring and sharing of information (Bluetooth.com, 2017). Bluetooths main function is this. People are able to connect mobile phones to wireless earpieces through Bluetooth. People are able to connect keyboard, mike and wireless mouse to laptops through Bluetooth. It enables the users to transfer information among devices. Radio waves are used by Bluetooth for facilitating communication (Standford.edu, 2017). The range of the wave is 15 to 50 feet. The signal used by Bluetooth is low power in nature. Two devices can be connected by turning the Bluetooth option on which is present in the device. Bluetooth Architecture: Bluetooth architecture comprises of two types of networks: piconet and scatternet. Piconet contains eight nodes out of which one is a master node and others are the slave notes. Communication can take place only between master and slaves. Slaves cannot communicate among each other.Scatternet is the combination of various piconets. Stations can be a member of more than one piconets. Figure 7: Bluetooth Network (Source:Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015, p. 120) Advantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several advanatges. This technology is cost effective for the users. The power consumption ability of this technology is low. Users can easily install this in their systems. It is able to establish connections among wireless devices very easily. The range of this is far better than the communication done by infrared connections. Once bluetooth is installed in the system then it can be used without any extra cost. It uses a safe way to communicate data among the devices. Installation of this tecchnology in cars allow the people to talk over the phone while driving without creating any problem. It uses the FHSS techniques due to which there is less interference than created by other wireless technologies. Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several disadvantages too. It uses radio frequency to facilitate communication that can penetrate the walls. This creates security issues. It is not safe to send personal or important business related data by using bluetooth. Hacking is very easy (Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015). Virus attacks are frequently seen while using this technology. Long range or long distance communication cannot be done. It permits to transfer data over a short distance. Connection problems often take place. It has been observed that the usage of battery is more while communicating or transferring data via bluetooth technology. Brief Description of Wi-Fi Wi-Fi is a kind of wireless technology that is used for communication (Elprocus, 2017). It enables several devices to be connected without any physical establishment. It uses radio frequency to provide internet at a high speed and connect to several devices and stations. The full form of Wi-Fi is Wireless Fidelity (WhatIs.com, 2017). It uses the spectrum of radio frequency in order to faciltate communication. It can have point to different point, multipoint to another multipoint network structure. Figure 8: Wi-Fi Technology (Source:Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015, p. 9080). Wi-Fi Architecture: Wireless LAN Architecture is used in Wi-Fi technology. The devices and stations in a wireless area network are arranged and positioned in a particular way. The transceivers form the access points in a WLAN. There are three main components in this architecture. They are the point of access, bridge and the clients. Access points help to transmit data. The components in the network are known as the clients. Bridge establishes communication points among wired and wireless networks. Advantages of Wi-Fi: The Wi-Fi technology is easily available to everyone. It is cost effective. It allows the users to easily connect to the internet and access several resources. The availability of public Wi-Fi allows the people in public places to access the world wide web. For example, shopping mall provides free Wi-Fi connection so that the customers and visitors can easily avail the internet. Access to the internet increases the productivity of the employees as they are abke to finish their task at a faster rate and keep in constant touch with the others. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi: This type of technology uses radio frequency spectrum for transmitting data. It has security issues because radio waves can pass through the walls. Wifi network is sufficient for a smaller range of network(Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015). For example, it is suitable for a home network. There are certain speed issues also regarding wifi. Brief Description of Mobile Technology It is a portable technology that allows wireless devices to communicate with one another. Mobile devices are laptops, tabs, mobile phones. This technology is the core of any telephonic system and mobile system. Architecture of Mobile Technology: It consists of the cell phone, base stations and controllers. The Base Transceiver Station is the antenna that is placed on top portion of the tower. Time division multiplexing techniques are used for transmittimg the signals. Figure 9: Mobile Technology (Source: Goggin, 2012, p. 100) Advantages of Mobile Technology: People are able to connect to the internet and carry out several important transactions. Online payment can be made without vsiting the actual location. People are able to access information regarding suppliers, customers and employees by sitting at home (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, 2017). Online shopping facility is also very helpful. Disadvantages of Mobile Technology: Huge cost is involved in the process of installation and training(Goggin, 2012).There is a chance of loss of valuable and sensitive data. Proper security software must be installed. Brief Description of RFID The full form of RFID term is Radio Frequency Identification (Technovelgy.com, 2017). It is a tiny device with a small chip that can bear huge amount of data. Figure 10: RFID Technology (Source:Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012, p. 160). Architecture: RFID technology contains three main components. Transponder are used for encapsulating information. Transceiver passes signals periodically. The data processing system is required for the processing and storage of information. There are low and high frequency systems. Advantages of RFID: It is used for scanning tags. It also provides the area or location. It facilitaes both read and write options. The speed of this process is extremely fast. It can be expressed in few miliseconds. Scanning using optical systems are slower then RFID. Several devices use the RFID technology for data transmission. Some of them are television, chordless phones and radio. These kinds of technologies can be used in schools and colleges for marking the attendances. Disadvantages of RFID: The battery usage of the system is extremely high. This is the main reason behind its high cost (Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012). Another negative point of this technology is its security. Such devices require to be installed with programs which is quite time consuming. Interference in the electromagnetic spectrum can lead to disturbance in reading a remote tag. It cannot cover an area more than 3 metres. Brief Description of NFC (Near-field Communication) NFC stands for Near-field communication. It is a collection of protocols that are used for communication purposes(Faulkner, 2017). It enables two mobile and wireless devices to be connected by bringing them near to each other. NFC devices are mostly used for making payments like using credit cards. Architecture of NFC: The baseband controller is the core part of the system. A link is established between the NFC controller and host controller by the HC interface. The NFC controller is responsible for securing the proximity of transaction. It is directly connected to the secure element. It contains memory card which is secured. Figure 11: NFC Technology (Source: Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013, p. 2265) Advantages of NFC: It provides high level of convenience to the users because it facilitates the joining of wallets and devices. It has high versality ( Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013). It gets easily adapted to any situation like bank cards, movie passes, keys. Broad range industries use this type of technology as this can be easily manipulated by developing the softwares. Disadvantages of NFC: The installation of NFC is totally dependent on the decision of the company. If the companies do not integrate it then the users will not get the advantages of rewards in the card system. Risk of this system is its security. If the credit card details are stolen then the customer will get badly affected. 3.Discussion of the Current Trends and Future Developmentof Wireless Communication Current Trends of development of Wireless Communication In this era of growing digital technology the merge of information technology and communication technology has led to the ICT. It enables people to reach varied information and resources at any time at any location. The telecom facilities is spreading at a fast pace. Introduction of wireless technology and mobile phones in the rural areas is allowing the traders of those areas and others to get information of their market products easily. They are aslo able to obtain online certificates. The spread of wireless technologies is increasing rapidly. Possibilities of Future Developments of Wireless Communication The communication system(wireless) that is being developed for the future is the fifth generation wireless mobile. This would make a real world of wireless communication. The future plan is to develop WWWW which stands for World Wide Wireless Web. The fifth generation of wireless networks are established on 4G. The 5th generation system will be supported by using Code division multiple access synchronized in a large area. There are no restrictions on the call volumes. Fifth generation needs to add more facilities and benefits over the fourth generation. Fifth generation needs to be more intellectual technology (Loo, Mauri, Ortiz, 2016). The aim should be to connect the entire world without any limits. The fifth generation is expected to create a world of continuos access to information that will open advanced dimensions to the lives of the people and bring about a significant change in the lifestyle. Limitations of Wireless Communication The major limitation of wireless communication network is its security. Public can access it frequently and this is the reason why the interface becomes very risky. The throughput of wireless technology is far less than wired technology. The wireless signals can have a negative impact on the health of the people. Unauthorized access to the network can expose sensitive data to the outside world, which can harm the individuals. Conclusion This report concludes that the fifth generation wireless communication technology is trying to bring about a global change.The aim of the fifth generation technology is to bind the world with information with no limits.This essay focuses on the principles of wireless communication. It defines certain terminologies that are required to understand wireless communication like spectrum, bandwidth, transmission and modulation.It explains about different wireless technologies like media like Wi-fi, bluetooth, NFC, RFID and mobile technologies. The use of ICT is growing with time. 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