Types Of Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Dependent ( Type 1 )

Maggie Roman MED 2056 Cohort FT31 Diabetes Mellitus Mrs. Annabelle June 29, 2015 The human body achieves homeostasis through the coordination of organs and different systems throughout the body. In particular, the endocrine system plays a functional role in regulating the body’s physiological activities via chemical substances, known as hormones. The endocrine cells secrete hormones in response to body signals in a negative feedback loop, which is a self-regulatory response intended to re-establish equilibrium. A disruption or mutation in the physiological process can result in overproduction or underproduction of hormones, which is the cause of most endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus. This research paper will†¦show more content†¦The classic signs and symptoms that patients of IDDM present with include: urinating frequently (polyuria), frequent thirst (polydipsia), excessive hunger (polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss despite eating more, blurry vision, or wounds with slow or difficulty healing (www.diabetes.org, 2015). Rosdahl (2012) f urther adds, â€Å"When type 1 diabetes is diagnosed, the goal is to achieve metabolic stabilization, restore body weight, and relieve symptoms of hyperglycemia† (p.1294). In type 2 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), the onset is typically in adulthood (30 years or older), but can present at any age. In NIDDM, the pancreas is still functional. Therefore, insulin is still produced, however, the levels may not be within normal range. Rosdahl (2012) states, â€Å"Clients with type 2 diabetes do not depend on insulin injections to sustain life, but they may require insulin for adequate glucose control† (p. 1296). The etiology of NIDDM is unknown, but an autoimmune process has been ruled out (Rosdahl, 2012). â€Å"More than 80% of clients are overweight and do not always experience classic signs and symptoms† (Rosdahl, 2012, p.1294). In addition to the three â€Å"polys†, abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated blood glucose, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are several symptoms that a patient may present with NIDDM (Rosdahl, 2012, p.1294). The muscle cells in obese people are less responsive to insulin and lack the abilityShow MoreRelatedType 1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus1900 Words   |  8 PagesType 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents but can sometimes be diagnosed in older age. It is defined as a chronic condition in which the pancreas does not produce insulin which is needed to allow glucose, known as the bodies source of fuel, to enter the cells. Type 1 diabetes does not have a cure but can be managed with proper treatment of insulin therapy. Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is commonly caused by genetics, obesityRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1381 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is characterized by different etiologiesRead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The clichà © for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulinRead MoreWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The most common feature seen in diabetes is increased blood glucose levels. The main reason for this is either a decreased/ absent insulin production or resistance of the body to the action ofRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesChapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amount of insulin that canRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreEssay on Diabetes898 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the bodys energy (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is locatedRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1282 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the urine. Besides that, Funk (2010) stated that there are three most commonRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Most Common Disorder Of The Endocrine System957 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Mellitus stems from the Greek word diabetes, which means to siphon, or to pass through. Mellitus is Latin for sweet or honeyed. Diabetes Mellitus is the most common disorder of the Endocrine System. The pancreas is an organ behind the stomach that produces a hormone called insulin. When this happens, our liver compensates by increasing glucose production from amino acids and glycogen causing hyperglycemia. There are different types of diabetes; however, this paper strictly focuses on TypeRead MoreEssay On Diabetes761 Words   |  4 Pagesdeficiency of insulin secretion which results in the metabolic derangements associated with T1DM. Normally, hyperglycemia leads to reduced glucagon secretion; however, in patients with T1DM, glucagon secretion is not suppressed by hyperglycemia (Holt, 2004). The resultant inappropriately elevated glucagon levels exacerbate the metabolic defects due to insulin deficiency. In type 2 diabetes these mechanisms break down, with the consequence that the two main pathological defects in type2 diabetes are impaired

Essay on History of Hunting through the Ages - 1076 Words

A lot of people just think of hunting as a thing were you go up into a tree and wait for a duck to come flying bye or a deer to walk in the sight so we can shoot them well you see that is hunting but how did we get to here. Why do we hunt the way that we do well it is because of how we got ideas off of the old ways we did it the history of hunting, the old way that we did things not the waiting for it to come to use the I am going to go get what I want and need. Now you see many people think that all hunting was from a tree and that it was from a deer stand and that we used high powered rifles to shoot deer from hundreds of yards. Well I can say that if you think that then you are just wrong that wasn’t the way that we hunted thousands of†¦show more content†¦But during this time was when they had stone tools that helped them with their hunt. Like they would have sharp rocks on the tip of sticks to help cut up there catch or help kill it. The hunting style never chang ed they still chased after the animals and never settled down they were in a nomads place a no home kind of place but really this is the foundation to the history of hunting. Basically as a start this is where it is there was nothing else really in hunting that changed yea before aps chased down the prey just like they did and they followed them so this was the foundation that this time still there was no change. But around 15000 years later they found arrows and arrow heads which mean that hunting towards 5000 B.C took a turn they had bows which are used for longer ranged kills or put downs so you can go and kill the animal while it is down. But that means that they were starting to learn that you have to wait for the animal you can’t just go for it you have to wait for it to come to you. So with the high power of the bow and the reach with the spear you could do many things, now this latter on about 300 years later and this is where the first animal that helps with hunting and that is the horse. Many people started stabbing spears into animals and shooting bows from horseback, because us as humans if it is a deer or a bison that is running there is no way that we are going to check it. Well ifShow MoreRelatedWhat s Merica Without Meat1657 Words   |  7 PagesWhat s Merica’ Without Meat A man and his son make their way through the dark on a cool fall morning. The fog lies over the hills like a thick blanket. The man and his son talk about the things that have happened in recent times and share memories from years past, too. The morning continues, and as time passes, the two realize that this will be an experience to remember for many years to come. Countless generations throughout the ages have shared the tradition of hunting.Before the time of modernRead More Pre-Agricultural Human Environmental Impact Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesthe remarkable ability to adapt to any environment. Archaeological evidence has proven that the earliest humans were able to occupy and control every terrestrial ecosystem on the planet. Human impact on the environment has increased progressively through time from the earliest hominid hunters to modern city-dwellers. A fundamental expression of early humanities ability to control the environment occurred during the birth of agriculture. While the ecological impact from this feat has allowed humanityRead MoreHunting Should Be Allowed1412 Words   |  6 PagesShelby Morgan Professor Colon ENC 1102 July 17, 2009 Hunting Should Be Allowed Hunting is beneficial to our society and therefore should be allowed. Historically human beings have been pursuing wild animals to provide their families with food, clothing, and shelter. In modern times the need for hunting for survival has lessened because of the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. There were times in history worldwide when hunting became profitable and hunters began killing animalsRead MoreLittle Bison Basin Prehistory1329 Words   |  5 PagesLittle Bison Basin Prehistory Prior to the last ice age, the entire region of the Great Plains is believed to have been an inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway. As this seaway receded, large animals including mammoths and saber toothed tigers lived in the area. The majority of these animals became extinct to the region around 13,000 years ago during one of the ice ages. The great plains are a vast region of North America that spreads from Canada nearly down to the Coast of Texas. ThisRead MoreHunting Is No Longer Necessary For Survival1703 Words   |  7 Pagesfield and hunt game for me.† Hunting started millions of years ago for the intentions of food, clothing, and shelter supplies. Back in the Stone Age, hunting was essential for surviving in those critical situations that derived from everyday living. Recently hunting has become more a recreational sport and less of a necessity for survival, it is true that most hunters now days still eat the meat from the animals that they kill for sport and pleasure. However, hunting is no longer necessary for survivalRead MoreComparing Frans Snyders Deer Hunting And Frida Kahlo s The Wounded Deer1423 Words   |  6 Pagesability to compare and contrast art, literature, and other mediums as well as being able to analyze works with my own interpretations. I have chosen two paintings to compare and co ntrast for this essay: Frans Snyders’ Deer Hunting and Frida Kahlo’s The Wounded Deer. Deer Hunting was painted in 1631 in Belgium during the Baroque period. The Wounded Deer was painted in 1946 in Mexico and is a piece of surrealist art. Although these pieces of art were painted during two different time periods they areRead MoreWolves: Keeping Nature in Balance Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows of the apocryphal evil that is wolves, hunting our children, killing our livestock, taking the best deer. Having a wolf hunting season seems like a no brainer, right? But what if that’s not how wolves are, what if they are innocent, so to say. Should they be hunted? The short answer is no. There should not be a wolf hunting season because many of the thoughts on wolves are incorrect; hunting would compromise wolf studies, and the population is already suffering. We have all heardRead MoreNeanderthals, Ancestors to Human Beings Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesmajority based in Europe and small groups scattered throughout the Middle East and Asia. Historically, the Neanderthals were among the most resiliant creatures to exist on Earth. As a population, they thrived during the European ice age 40,000 years ago. This ice age enveloped the majority of Northern and Central Europe and due to their physique were the Neanderthals were able to surive. Physcially, the Neanderthals were larger and more muscular than today’s human beings. In addition, their increasedRead MoreA Vikings Civilized World1265 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Vikings’ world were demonstrated through its political, culture, and interaction with environment. In the ancient days of the Vikings, the political aspect of their world consisted of improving the organization and civilization of the Vikings’ lives; the topics that prove this statement were law, structure, and war. As William R. 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Technologies Of Wireless Communication - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theTechnologies Of Wireless Communication. Answer: Introduction Wireless communication is a type of communication that does not take the help of wires for transmitting information. It does not use physical wires and cables for connecting devices across the world. It uses the radio and electromagnetic waves for establishing connections among the devices. Wireless technology grants communication and interaction across long distance in a feasible way. This technology was invented in the 18th century. Telephone communication was the first way of communicating over the wireless media. This report focuses on the technology of wireless communication in details. It discusses the engineering process behind such wireless technologies with the concept of physics and other technologies. This report also focuses on the several types of protocols and systems like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, networks on mobile and other PAN protocols. It describes the overall architecture and process of the wireless systems in details. This report mentions the advantages and disadvantages of a number of wireless communication systems in a simplified manner. 1. Brief Description of Wireless System Operations Brief Outline of Wireless System Operations A computer network is an assemblage of a number of electronic devices that are connected via physical or wireless media(Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016). A computer network that is formed by wireless connections with the help of radio and electronic waves are known as wireless communication networks. Figure 1: Computer Network (Source: Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016, p. 180) There are major network devices that are required for facilitating communication: Modem: This device is responsible for converting digital signal into analog signal, analog signal into digital signal. Network Interface Card:This allows the devices to connect to the network. Gateway: This device uses different protocols to connect or establish links among several networks. Router: Router finds the shortest possible route to transmit information from one device to another. Wireless Access Point: This device is used for connecting the wireless communication devices. Transmission channels can be of two types. They are as follows: Physical transmission media Wireless transmission media For understanding the basic concept of wireless transmission, certain terminologies need to be defined. They are as follows: Spectrum: It refers to an array or sequence of radio frequencies allotted to the mobile or wireless sectors and industries for communicating over the air (Lin, Andrews, Ghosh, 2014). All the signals in a wireless networktravel through the radio frequency. The range of the spectrum is above 20 kilohertz. Bandwidth: There are two definitions of bandwidth. Bandwidth of a system, medium or carrier is the rate at which information is transmitted (Baldini et al., 2014). It is expressed in terms of bits per second. Another definition is the discrepancy between the lowest and highest component of frequency in terms of Hertz. Modulation: A carrier signal has several properties that can be modified. This process is termed as modulation. Modulation has two types of signals: modulating(message) and carrier signal. There are few types of modulation in wireless communication. They are as follows: Amplitude modulation: Wireless communication uses a carrier frequency of very high speed. Then this frequency is placed on the carrier by adjusting its amplitude. Figure 2: Amplitude Modulation (Source: Koenig et al., 2013, p.980). Frequency modulation: In this type of modulation, the carrier signals frequency is modified in order to transmit data. The modulating signal is imposed on the carrier signal. Figure 3: Frequency Modulation (Source: Liu et al., 2013,p.42) In the above diagram, the top signal is the message signal that is to be sent. The middle signal is the carrier frequency and then there is the modulated signal. Digital modulation: This type of modulation is used for discrete or digital signals like ones and zeros. It uses the discrete signals to modify the carrier frequency (Utdallas.edu, 2017).Amplitude Shift Keying is a modulation technique where the modulated signals amplitude depends on the input level (Viterbi Omura, 2013). In Phase Shift Keying, the modulated signals phase is changed but its frequency and amplitude remains the same. Interference:Interference can be defined as any type of disturbance that modifies or changes the signal that needs to be transmitted. Sometimes the signals between the source and the receiver are lost due to interference. Interference declines the performance of the system. For example, sometimes we lose the network connection while using our mobile phones due to interference. Wireless Transmission: Transmission in a wireless media does not take place through physical guided media. It takes place with the help of unguided media (Zhuang Ismail, 2012). There are no physical links between the devices in a wireless network. The electromagnetic spectrum is used for the transmission of signals over a wireless network. Figure 4: Wireless Transmission (Source: Zhuang Ismail, 2012, p. 15) Radio transmission: It is easy to develop radio frequency as its wavelength is large and it can pass through strong structures. Lower frequency radio frequency can pass walls but high radio frequencies can travel in a straight line (Ippolito, 2012). Microwave transmission: Electromagnetic waves that have a frequency above 100 MHz can travel in a linear path. Here the senders and receivers need to be arranged in a straight line(Huang Zhou, 2015). Antennas are used to receive the signals. Microwaves do not pass through walls as they have high frequency. Infrared transmission: The position of the infrared wave is between the microwaves and light spectrum (Barry, 2012). Short distance communications take the help of infrared wave. It has high frequency and cannot pass through walls. Light transmission: Optical signaling is the most high level electromagnetic spectrum. Laser is used in order to achieve this. It is an unidirectional transmission (Jovicic, Li, Richardson, 2013). The receiver and photo detector must be installed together and the transmitter and laser must be installed together.(Rajagopal, Roberts Lim, 2012). Types of Wireless Devices There are various types wireless devices. They are as follows: Wireless Routers: These routers receive a signal and sends it to the nearest device or router. Wireless Local Area Network consists of wireless routers. They are well protected with various kinds of firewalls and softwares (Peng Huang, 2015). The internet connection accessed by the people are mostly done by installing wireless routers. Wireless Adapters: These are hardware or physical devices that are installed within a computer. It allows a computer to access the internet (Magi, 2015). Accessing the internet is not possible without the use of wireless adapters. Most of the computers have in built wireless adapters in the motherboard. Figure 5: Wireless Adapter (Source: Magi, 2015, p. 10) Wireless Repeaters: These devices take in the input and magnifies it. After increasing the strength of the signal it sends back the signal (Hinman et al., 2016). A signals strength can be increased by positioning a wireless repeater between a router and a computer. Multiple Access Techniques Multiple access techniques (Standford.edu, 2017) are used by several portable users to simultaneously use or share the radio spectrum.The main motive of the cellular system is to increase the channel capacity (Rom Sidi, 2012). There are several ways to allow multiple accesss. Figure 6: Multiple Access Techniques (Source: Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014, p. 290). They are as given below: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): This is the main technology for the functioning of advanced services of the mobile phone. Different band of frequencies are allocated to different users.Its complexity is less than TDMA (Buranapanichkit Andreopoulos, 2012). The stations simultaneously receives and transmits information. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): There are situations where the requirement for continuous transmission is not there. In such cases TDMA is used (Electronic Design.com, 2017). Only one carrier frequency is used and shared among numerous users. TDMA allocates time slots for each user(Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014). Distinct time slots numbers are used for each frame. This is TDMAs advantage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): This technique is a technique where several transmitters use one channel for sending simultaneous information. The CDMA allows every user to use the entire available spectrum (Zhang et al., 2012). CDMA does not allot separate frequency for each user. CDMA is mostly used in transmission of data and voice. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA): This type of access is also called spatial division multiple access.All users are able to interact at a time. It uses the same channel for communication (Chen Haas, 2015). There is no chance of interference in SDMA.Tracking a moving or mobile user is easy for the base station of SDMA because the antennas used are directional in nature(Techopedia.com, 2017). 2.Description of a number of popular System/Protocols There are several major wireless networking technologies. Some of them are as follows: Brief Description of Bluetooth Technology This technology enables the people to establish connections among a variety of diverse wireless electronic devices for transferring and sharing of information (Bluetooth.com, 2017). Bluetooths main function is this. People are able to connect mobile phones to wireless earpieces through Bluetooth. People are able to connect keyboard, mike and wireless mouse to laptops through Bluetooth. It enables the users to transfer information among devices. Radio waves are used by Bluetooth for facilitating communication (Standford.edu, 2017). The range of the wave is 15 to 50 feet. The signal used by Bluetooth is low power in nature. Two devices can be connected by turning the Bluetooth option on which is present in the device. Bluetooth Architecture: Bluetooth architecture comprises of two types of networks: piconet and scatternet. Piconet contains eight nodes out of which one is a master node and others are the slave notes. Communication can take place only between master and slaves. Slaves cannot communicate among each other.Scatternet is the combination of various piconets. Stations can be a member of more than one piconets. Figure 7: Bluetooth Network (Source:Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015, p. 120) Advantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several advanatges. This technology is cost effective for the users. The power consumption ability of this technology is low. Users can easily install this in their systems. It is able to establish connections among wireless devices very easily. The range of this is far better than the communication done by infrared connections. Once bluetooth is installed in the system then it can be used without any extra cost. It uses a safe way to communicate data among the devices. Installation of this tecchnology in cars allow the people to talk over the phone while driving without creating any problem. It uses the FHSS techniques due to which there is less interference than created by other wireless technologies. Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several disadvantages too. It uses radio frequency to facilitate communication that can penetrate the walls. This creates security issues. It is not safe to send personal or important business related data by using bluetooth. Hacking is very easy (Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015). Virus attacks are frequently seen while using this technology. Long range or long distance communication cannot be done. It permits to transfer data over a short distance. Connection problems often take place. It has been observed that the usage of battery is more while communicating or transferring data via bluetooth technology. Brief Description of Wi-Fi Wi-Fi is a kind of wireless technology that is used for communication (Elprocus, 2017). It enables several devices to be connected without any physical establishment. It uses radio frequency to provide internet at a high speed and connect to several devices and stations. The full form of Wi-Fi is Wireless Fidelity (WhatIs.com, 2017). It uses the spectrum of radio frequency in order to faciltate communication. It can have point to different point, multipoint to another multipoint network structure. Figure 8: Wi-Fi Technology (Source:Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015, p. 9080). Wi-Fi Architecture: Wireless LAN Architecture is used in Wi-Fi technology. The devices and stations in a wireless area network are arranged and positioned in a particular way. The transceivers form the access points in a WLAN. There are three main components in this architecture. They are the point of access, bridge and the clients. Access points help to transmit data. The components in the network are known as the clients. Bridge establishes communication points among wired and wireless networks. Advantages of Wi-Fi: The Wi-Fi technology is easily available to everyone. It is cost effective. It allows the users to easily connect to the internet and access several resources. The availability of public Wi-Fi allows the people in public places to access the world wide web. For example, shopping mall provides free Wi-Fi connection so that the customers and visitors can easily avail the internet. Access to the internet increases the productivity of the employees as they are abke to finish their task at a faster rate and keep in constant touch with the others. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi: This type of technology uses radio frequency spectrum for transmitting data. It has security issues because radio waves can pass through the walls. Wifi network is sufficient for a smaller range of network(Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015). For example, it is suitable for a home network. There are certain speed issues also regarding wifi. Brief Description of Mobile Technology It is a portable technology that allows wireless devices to communicate with one another. Mobile devices are laptops, tabs, mobile phones. This technology is the core of any telephonic system and mobile system. Architecture of Mobile Technology: It consists of the cell phone, base stations and controllers. The Base Transceiver Station is the antenna that is placed on top portion of the tower. Time division multiplexing techniques are used for transmittimg the signals. Figure 9: Mobile Technology (Source: Goggin, 2012, p. 100) Advantages of Mobile Technology: People are able to connect to the internet and carry out several important transactions. Online payment can be made without vsiting the actual location. People are able to access information regarding suppliers, customers and employees by sitting at home (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, 2017). Online shopping facility is also very helpful. Disadvantages of Mobile Technology: Huge cost is involved in the process of installation and training(Goggin, 2012).There is a chance of loss of valuable and sensitive data. Proper security software must be installed. Brief Description of RFID The full form of RFID term is Radio Frequency Identification (Technovelgy.com, 2017). It is a tiny device with a small chip that can bear huge amount of data. Figure 10: RFID Technology (Source:Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012, p. 160). Architecture: RFID technology contains three main components. Transponder are used for encapsulating information. Transceiver passes signals periodically. The data processing system is required for the processing and storage of information. There are low and high frequency systems. Advantages of RFID: It is used for scanning tags. It also provides the area or location. It facilitaes both read and write options. The speed of this process is extremely fast. It can be expressed in few miliseconds. Scanning using optical systems are slower then RFID. Several devices use the RFID technology for data transmission. Some of them are television, chordless phones and radio. These kinds of technologies can be used in schools and colleges for marking the attendances. Disadvantages of RFID: The battery usage of the system is extremely high. This is the main reason behind its high cost (Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012). Another negative point of this technology is its security. Such devices require to be installed with programs which is quite time consuming. Interference in the electromagnetic spectrum can lead to disturbance in reading a remote tag. It cannot cover an area more than 3 metres. Brief Description of NFC (Near-field Communication) NFC stands for Near-field communication. It is a collection of protocols that are used for communication purposes(Faulkner, 2017). It enables two mobile and wireless devices to be connected by bringing them near to each other. NFC devices are mostly used for making payments like using credit cards. Architecture of NFC: The baseband controller is the core part of the system. A link is established between the NFC controller and host controller by the HC interface. The NFC controller is responsible for securing the proximity of transaction. It is directly connected to the secure element. It contains memory card which is secured. Figure 11: NFC Technology (Source: Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013, p. 2265) Advantages of NFC: It provides high level of convenience to the users because it facilitates the joining of wallets and devices. It has high versality ( Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013). It gets easily adapted to any situation like bank cards, movie passes, keys. Broad range industries use this type of technology as this can be easily manipulated by developing the softwares. Disadvantages of NFC: The installation of NFC is totally dependent on the decision of the company. If the companies do not integrate it then the users will not get the advantages of rewards in the card system. Risk of this system is its security. If the credit card details are stolen then the customer will get badly affected. 3.Discussion of the Current Trends and Future Developmentof Wireless Communication Current Trends of development of Wireless Communication In this era of growing digital technology the merge of information technology and communication technology has led to the ICT. It enables people to reach varied information and resources at any time at any location. The telecom facilities is spreading at a fast pace. Introduction of wireless technology and mobile phones in the rural areas is allowing the traders of those areas and others to get information of their market products easily. They are aslo able to obtain online certificates. The spread of wireless technologies is increasing rapidly. Possibilities of Future Developments of Wireless Communication The communication system(wireless) that is being developed for the future is the fifth generation wireless mobile. This would make a real world of wireless communication. The future plan is to develop WWWW which stands for World Wide Wireless Web. The fifth generation of wireless networks are established on 4G. The 5th generation system will be supported by using Code division multiple access synchronized in a large area. There are no restrictions on the call volumes. Fifth generation needs to add more facilities and benefits over the fourth generation. Fifth generation needs to be more intellectual technology (Loo, Mauri, Ortiz, 2016). The aim should be to connect the entire world without any limits. The fifth generation is expected to create a world of continuos access to information that will open advanced dimensions to the lives of the people and bring about a significant change in the lifestyle. Limitations of Wireless Communication The major limitation of wireless communication network is its security. Public can access it frequently and this is the reason why the interface becomes very risky. The throughput of wireless technology is far less than wired technology. The wireless signals can have a negative impact on the health of the people. Unauthorized access to the network can expose sensitive data to the outside world, which can harm the individuals. Conclusion This report concludes that the fifth generation wireless communication technology is trying to bring about a global change.The aim of the fifth generation technology is to bind the world with information with no limits.This essay focuses on the principles of wireless communication. It defines certain terminologies that are required to understand wireless communication like spectrum, bandwidth, transmission and modulation.It explains about different wireless technologies like media like Wi-fi, bluetooth, NFC, RFID and mobile technologies. The use of ICT is growing with time. The fifth generation expects to see a more developed wireless communication technologies. References . Technovelgy.com. (2017).What is RFID? Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp Baldini, G., Karanasios, S., Allen, D., Vergari, F. (2014). Survey of wireless communication technologies for public safety.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(2), 619-641. Barry, J. R. (2012).Wireless infrared communications(Vol. 280). Springer Science Business Media. Bluetooth.com. (2017).What Is Bluetooth | Bluetooth Technology Website Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.bluetooth.com/what-is-bluetooth-technology Buranapanichkit, D., Andreopoulos, Y. (2012). Distributed time-frequency division multiple access protocol for wireless sensor networks.IEEE wireless communications letters,1(5), 440-443. Chen, Z., Haas, H. (2015, June). Space division multiple access in visible light communications. InCommunications (ICC), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 5115-5119). IEEE. Coskun, V., Ozdenizci, B., Ok, K. (2013). A survey on near field communication (NFC) technology.Wireless personal communications,71(3), 2259-2294. Electronic Design.com. (2017).Fundamentals of Communications Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, AND SDMA. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma Elprocus. (2017). ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students. Retrieved 20 July 2017, from https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-wireless-communication-applications/ Faulkner, C. (2017).What is NFC? Everything you need to know.TechRadar. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.techradar.com/news/what-is-nfc Goggin, G. (2012).Cell phone culture: Mobile technology in everyday life. Routledge. Hinman, B., Fink, J., Rangwala, M., Ramos, C., Spiteri, F., Harden, D. 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Star System In The Silent Cinema

A few years before the break out of the World War I, modernity in the entertainment sector was characterized by the merger of powerful capitalist and democratic forces into consumerism. In the early 20th century, the cinematography enhanced and the success of better movies resulted in continued opening of theaters in large numbers across America. Filmmakers started making more comedies, chase films, westerns and crime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Star System In The Silent Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, experimentation with narrative techniques and camera also intensified. The cinematographers of Brighton, England, also laid a foundation for film to develop from a primitive to a more advanced stage (Bordwell, 1999). The introduction of the star system proved to be an outstanding means of earning a profit from not only the production, but also distribution and even exposition of films. The st ar system As the consumerism increased in America, the star system emerged to market the actors as the main attraction to filmgoers. A renowned filmmaker, David Wark Griffith, enhanced the filming techniques such as close-ups, moving camera shots and point-of-view shots (Starr, 1985). The idea of color film also laid a foundation to Griffith’s filming. David Wark Griffith used actors such as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin. These stars formed United Artists organization later on (McDonald, 2000, p. 36). United Artists (UA) functioned as a distribution company for the films produced by the star names. The filmmakers were placed in a position where they could extend their economic power by negotiating broadly across the cinema industry. This organization helped enhance the film business impressively. The strength of star system is evident in Mary Pickford’s first United Artist film release, Pollyanna (1919) by Paul Powell (McDonald, 200 0, p. 35). In this film, Mary is featured as little girl in the title role. The film Pollyanna was produced through Mary Pickford Company and distributed by UA. By the age of 23, Pickford had already developed herself as the most influential woman in the motion-picture industry. Typically, a developed business practice in the exhibition sector was to lease prints from distributors at a fixed fee. However, Pollyanna was made available only on the basis of both a guaranteed base rental fee together with a percentage split of box office income. Despite complaints, the exhibitors reluctantly agreed to UA’s terms. This transformed the business practice for transactions between exhibitors and distributors. In the 1920s, Pickford’s profession experienced ups and downs in the stars financial and critical status. In spite of taking more adult roles in films, the filmgoers were unenthusiastic about letting Pickford abandon her child-woman image. Since its establishment, UA under went years of financial predicaments.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These financial recesses were partly attributed to the company’s star management which was ineffective. In 1951, Pickford eventually sold her UA shares and described UA as ‘sick unto death’ (Flom, 2009, p. 224). At the height of her appeal however, Pickford had clearly demonstrated the wide-ranging power that the star could wield across all sectors of the film industry (McDonald, 2000, p. 42). Pickford’s impact is not only exclusive to the silent era but also to the future. Pickford demonstrated lots of the trends that would improve the Hollywood star system in several years to come (Finler, 2003, p. 192). Specifically, Pickford exemplified the way stars have the ability to use their popular status as leverage to demand rapid increments in salary payments from producers. Pickford†™s profession also encouraged other stars and the upcoming ones to participate in box office earnings from the films they appeared in. Furthermore, her success showed the benefits that stars could gain by choosing to form their own independent production companies. These trends would all become key characteristic of the star system following the decline of the vertically integrated studio system that dominated Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. Pickford was therefore not only a product of the star system in the cinema but also a role model who displayed how it was possible for stars to find ways to use that system for their own success. The fundamentals of Hollywood The star system in American film industry developed through three ways namely: comprehensive division of labor, redefinition of performance space in narrative film, and the widespread marketing of individual film performers. The history of the star system and its emergence between 1907 to 1922 included different types o f discourse about film stars and the levels of knowledge relevant to analysis and understanding star images at all stages (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001). While film historiographies on acting and actors reveal the general work of film performance, the naming of picture personalities makes individual performers known through their publicly televised professional existence. Naming of stars not only enables the building of the personality’s identity and image through films, but also in other media such as magazines and newspapers. De Cordova uses star discourse to describe the extension of knowledge about film performers beyond on-screen appearances and into the off-screen lives of performers. With the star scandal, a stars private life becomes further divided between a publicly controlled private-image and hidden secret private-image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Star System In The Silent Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to De Cordova’s study, a general definition emerges of the star as an actor – professional manipulator of signs; as picture personality – as a personality extrapolated from films and as a star – as someone with a private life distinct from the screen image. Even though the discourses of actor, personality and star become levels of knowledge, with each seeming to add a further degree of depth to a star’s image, these levels do not operate separately but work together as what Richard de Cordova calls ‘collapsing levels of identity’ (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001). De Cordova uses the example of Pickford, which illustrates how the Hollywood industry and the stars themselves were quick to exploit the value of star identity as a personal monopoly (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001, p. 119). This goes further to claim that naming is important to making that identity into commercial and legal entity. Moreover, the star sys tem would develop through the use of such mechanisms to construct star identities. Additionally, those identities can be used as a means of promotion in the public domain. Subsequent development phases in the film industry as a whole influenced naming and use of star identities. Under the star system, Hollywood stardom zealously endeavored to find effective means to exploit the identities of popular artists. As the 1920s ended, the commercial control of the American film industry was concentrated in the hands of the ‘Big five’ leading companies: the Fox Film Corporation, Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO and MGM (Monaco, 2010). During this period, the star system worked under the general direction and guidance of these studios. The studio era in the 1930s and 1940s involved Hollywood working actively to brand and market its stars. Stars became a crucial asset in maintaining the supremacy of the main studios over the whole domestic film industry.This is attributed to the fact that in order to control the film market, the studios required the strong control of their stars. The five studios controlled the domestic film market. This domination determined the conditions under which all categories of stars would work in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. The studios established mechanisms deliberated on producing and reproducing the star phenomenon. This could be achieved by dynamically working to make and gain legal ownership of star identities. The studios employed stars on contracts in order to maintain control of their talent.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This enabled the studios manage and effectively exploit the images of the top stars. The stars could find it hard to work outside the studio system once they sign the contracts and with the studios controlling exhibition.Nevertheless,the stars could not work without the studios and the studios also needed the stars in order to run business. The stars themselves recognized the power of their identities and so did the studios. This resulted in the period of significant instances of struggles between stars and studios. While studios dominated the American film market, the star system plays a major role in its success. Individual stars determine the making of a blockbuster deal or breaking it. Mary Pickford of the silent era had set a trend for stars to demand for rapid rises in their earnings. Thus, the stars became costly making producers express concern over escalation of performer earnings.The life of Pickford and being financially independent through hard work provided a valuable r ole model for women. On the screen, Pickford had an ultimate appeal of heroines and a middle-class conventionality according to the needs of the film making. The star system is then bound to be permanent part of the film industry in America and any other part of the world. References Bordwell, D. 1999, On the history of film style. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. DeCordova, R., Creekmur, C. K. 2001, Picture Personalities: The Emergence of the Star System in America. University of Illinois Press: Urbana. Finler, J. W. 2003, The Hollywood story. Wallflower: London. Flom, E. L. 2009, Silent film stars on the stages of Seattle: A history of performances by Hollywood notables. McFarland Company: New York. McDonald, P. 2000, The star system: Hollywood’s production of popular identities. Wallflower Press: London. Monaco, P. 2010, A history of American movies: a film-by-film look at the art, craft, and business of cinema. Scarecrow Press: Lanham. Starr, K. 1985, Inventing the dream: California through the Progressive Era. Oxford University Press: New York. This essay on Star System In The Silent Cinema was written and submitted by user Mat1lda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.