Types Of Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Dependent ( Type 1 )

Maggie Roman MED 2056 Cohort FT31 Diabetes Mellitus Mrs. Annabelle June 29, 2015 The human body achieves homeostasis through the coordination of organs and different systems throughout the body. In particular, the endocrine system plays a functional role in regulating the body’s physiological activities via chemical substances, known as hormones. The endocrine cells secrete hormones in response to body signals in a negative feedback loop, which is a self-regulatory response intended to re-establish equilibrium. A disruption or mutation in the physiological process can result in overproduction or underproduction of hormones, which is the cause of most endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus. This research paper will†¦show more content†¦The classic signs and symptoms that patients of IDDM present with include: urinating frequently (polyuria), frequent thirst (polydipsia), excessive hunger (polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss despite eating more, blurry vision, or wounds with slow or difficulty healing (www.diabetes.org, 2015). Rosdahl (2012) f urther adds, â€Å"When type 1 diabetes is diagnosed, the goal is to achieve metabolic stabilization, restore body weight, and relieve symptoms of hyperglycemia† (p.1294). In type 2 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), the onset is typically in adulthood (30 years or older), but can present at any age. In NIDDM, the pancreas is still functional. Therefore, insulin is still produced, however, the levels may not be within normal range. Rosdahl (2012) states, â€Å"Clients with type 2 diabetes do not depend on insulin injections to sustain life, but they may require insulin for adequate glucose control† (p. 1296). The etiology of NIDDM is unknown, but an autoimmune process has been ruled out (Rosdahl, 2012). â€Å"More than 80% of clients are overweight and do not always experience classic signs and symptoms† (Rosdahl, 2012, p.1294). In addition to the three â€Å"polys†, abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated blood glucose, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are several symptoms that a patient may present with NIDDM (Rosdahl, 2012, p.1294). The muscle cells in obese people are less responsive to insulin and lack the abilityShow MoreRelatedType 1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus1900 Words   |  8 PagesType 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents but can sometimes be diagnosed in older age. It is defined as a chronic condition in which the pancreas does not produce insulin which is needed to allow glucose, known as the bodies source of fuel, to enter the cells. Type 1 diabetes does not have a cure but can be managed with proper treatment of insulin therapy. Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is commonly caused by genetics, obesityRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1381 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is characterized by different etiologiesRead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The clichà © for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulinRead MoreWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The most common feature seen in diabetes is increased blood glucose levels. The main reason for this is either a decreased/ absent insulin production or resistance of the body to the action ofRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesChapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amount of insulin that canRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreEssay on Diabetes898 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the bodys energy (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is locatedRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1282 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the urine. Besides that, Funk (2010) stated that there are three most commonRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Most Common Disorder Of The Endocrine System957 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Mellitus stems from the Greek word diabetes, which means to siphon, or to pass through. Mellitus is Latin for sweet or honeyed. Diabetes Mellitus is the most common disorder of the Endocrine System. The pancreas is an organ behind the stomach that produces a hormone called insulin. When this happens, our liver compensates by increasing glucose production from amino acids and glycogen causing hyperglycemia. There are different types of diabetes; however, this paper strictly focuses on TypeRead MoreEssay On Diabetes761 Words   |  4 Pagesdeficiency of insulin secretion which results in the metabolic derangements associated with T1DM. Normally, hyperglycemia leads to reduced glucagon secretion; however, in patients with T1DM, glucagon secretion is not suppressed by hyperglycemia (Holt, 2004). The resultant inappropriately elevated glucagon levels exacerbate the metabolic defects due to insulin deficiency. In type 2 diabetes these mechanisms break down, with the consequence that the two main pathological defects in type2 diabetes are impaired

Essay on History of Hunting through the Ages - 1076 Words

A lot of people just think of hunting as a thing were you go up into a tree and wait for a duck to come flying bye or a deer to walk in the sight so we can shoot them well you see that is hunting but how did we get to here. Why do we hunt the way that we do well it is because of how we got ideas off of the old ways we did it the history of hunting, the old way that we did things not the waiting for it to come to use the I am going to go get what I want and need. Now you see many people think that all hunting was from a tree and that it was from a deer stand and that we used high powered rifles to shoot deer from hundreds of yards. Well I can say that if you think that then you are just wrong that wasn’t the way that we hunted thousands of†¦show more content†¦But during this time was when they had stone tools that helped them with their hunt. Like they would have sharp rocks on the tip of sticks to help cut up there catch or help kill it. The hunting style never chang ed they still chased after the animals and never settled down they were in a nomads place a no home kind of place but really this is the foundation to the history of hunting. Basically as a start this is where it is there was nothing else really in hunting that changed yea before aps chased down the prey just like they did and they followed them so this was the foundation that this time still there was no change. But around 15000 years later they found arrows and arrow heads which mean that hunting towards 5000 B.C took a turn they had bows which are used for longer ranged kills or put downs so you can go and kill the animal while it is down. But that means that they were starting to learn that you have to wait for the animal you can’t just go for it you have to wait for it to come to you. So with the high power of the bow and the reach with the spear you could do many things, now this latter on about 300 years later and this is where the first animal that helps with hunting and that is the horse. Many people started stabbing spears into animals and shooting bows from horseback, because us as humans if it is a deer or a bison that is running there is no way that we are going to check it. Well ifShow MoreRelatedWhat s Merica Without Meat1657 Words   |  7 PagesWhat s Merica’ Without Meat A man and his son make their way through the dark on a cool fall morning. The fog lies over the hills like a thick blanket. The man and his son talk about the things that have happened in recent times and share memories from years past, too. The morning continues, and as time passes, the two realize that this will be an experience to remember for many years to come. Countless generations throughout the ages have shared the tradition of hunting.Before the time of modernRead More Pre-Agricultural Human Environmental Impact Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesthe remarkable ability to adapt to any environment. Archaeological evidence has proven that the earliest humans were able to occupy and control every terrestrial ecosystem on the planet. Human impact on the environment has increased progressively through time from the earliest hominid hunters to modern city-dwellers. A fundamental expression of early humanities ability to control the environment occurred during the birth of agriculture. While the ecological impact from this feat has allowed humanityRead MoreHunting Should Be Allowed1412 Words   |  6 PagesShelby Morgan Professor Colon ENC 1102 July 17, 2009 Hunting Should Be Allowed Hunting is beneficial to our society and therefore should be allowed. Historically human beings have been pursuing wild animals to provide their families with food, clothing, and shelter. In modern times the need for hunting for survival has lessened because of the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. There were times in history worldwide when hunting became profitable and hunters began killing animalsRead MoreLittle Bison Basin Prehistory1329 Words   |  5 PagesLittle Bison Basin Prehistory Prior to the last ice age, the entire region of the Great Plains is believed to have been an inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway. As this seaway receded, large animals including mammoths and saber toothed tigers lived in the area. The majority of these animals became extinct to the region around 13,000 years ago during one of the ice ages. The great plains are a vast region of North America that spreads from Canada nearly down to the Coast of Texas. ThisRead MoreHunting Is No Longer Necessary For Survival1703 Words   |  7 Pagesfield and hunt game for me.† Hunting started millions of years ago for the intentions of food, clothing, and shelter supplies. Back in the Stone Age, hunting was essential for surviving in those critical situations that derived from everyday living. Recently hunting has become more a recreational sport and less of a necessity for survival, it is true that most hunters now days still eat the meat from the animals that they kill for sport and pleasure. However, hunting is no longer necessary for survivalRead MoreComparing Frans Snyders Deer Hunting And Frida Kahlo s The Wounded Deer1423 Words   |  6 Pagesability to compare and contrast art, literature, and other mediums as well as being able to analyze works with my own interpretations. I have chosen two paintings to compare and co ntrast for this essay: Frans Snyders’ Deer Hunting and Frida Kahlo’s The Wounded Deer. Deer Hunting was painted in 1631 in Belgium during the Baroque period. The Wounded Deer was painted in 1946 in Mexico and is a piece of surrealist art. Although these pieces of art were painted during two different time periods they areRead MoreWolves: Keeping Nature in Balance Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows of the apocryphal evil that is wolves, hunting our children, killing our livestock, taking the best deer. Having a wolf hunting season seems like a no brainer, right? But what if that’s not how wolves are, what if they are innocent, so to say. Should they be hunted? The short answer is no. There should not be a wolf hunting season because many of the thoughts on wolves are incorrect; hunting would compromise wolf studies, and the population is already suffering. We have all heardRead MoreNeanderthals, Ancestors to Human Beings Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesmajority based in Europe and small groups scattered throughout the Middle East and Asia. Historically, the Neanderthals were among the most resiliant creatures to exist on Earth. As a population, they thrived during the European ice age 40,000 years ago. This ice age enveloped the majority of Northern and Central Europe and due to their physique were the Neanderthals were able to surive. Physcially, the Neanderthals were larger and more muscular than today’s human beings. In addition, their increasedRead MoreA Vikings Civilized World1265 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Vikings’ world were demonstrated through its political, culture, and interaction with environment. In the ancient days of the Vikings, the political aspect of their world consisted of improving the organization and civilization of the Vikings’ lives; the topics that prove this statement were law, structure, and war. As William R. Short stated, â€Å"A system of laws was set up whereby people were governed by consensus and where disputes were resolved through negotiation and compromise†(hurstwic.org)Read More Mans Transition to Agriculture Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesEuphrates and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt emerged civilizations affected the history of the eastern half of the Mediterranean. Theses civilizations led to formation of cities and increased urbanization over a vast period of time. On the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt emerged civilizations that were to have profound influence on the history of the eastern half of the Mediterranean. The rise of these civilizations, led to increased u rbanization

Technologies Of Wireless Communication - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theTechnologies Of Wireless Communication. Answer: Introduction Wireless communication is a type of communication that does not take the help of wires for transmitting information. It does not use physical wires and cables for connecting devices across the world. It uses the radio and electromagnetic waves for establishing connections among the devices. Wireless technology grants communication and interaction across long distance in a feasible way. This technology was invented in the 18th century. Telephone communication was the first way of communicating over the wireless media. This report focuses on the technology of wireless communication in details. It discusses the engineering process behind such wireless technologies with the concept of physics and other technologies. This report also focuses on the several types of protocols and systems like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, networks on mobile and other PAN protocols. It describes the overall architecture and process of the wireless systems in details. This report mentions the advantages and disadvantages of a number of wireless communication systems in a simplified manner. 1. Brief Description of Wireless System Operations Brief Outline of Wireless System Operations A computer network is an assemblage of a number of electronic devices that are connected via physical or wireless media(Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016). A computer network that is formed by wireless connections with the help of radio and electronic waves are known as wireless communication networks. Figure 1: Computer Network (Source: Ji, Caire, Molisch,2016, p. 180) There are major network devices that are required for facilitating communication: Modem: This device is responsible for converting digital signal into analog signal, analog signal into digital signal. Network Interface Card:This allows the devices to connect to the network. Gateway: This device uses different protocols to connect or establish links among several networks. Router: Router finds the shortest possible route to transmit information from one device to another. Wireless Access Point: This device is used for connecting the wireless communication devices. Transmission channels can be of two types. They are as follows: Physical transmission media Wireless transmission media For understanding the basic concept of wireless transmission, certain terminologies need to be defined. They are as follows: Spectrum: It refers to an array or sequence of radio frequencies allotted to the mobile or wireless sectors and industries for communicating over the air (Lin, Andrews, Ghosh, 2014). All the signals in a wireless networktravel through the radio frequency. The range of the spectrum is above 20 kilohertz. Bandwidth: There are two definitions of bandwidth. Bandwidth of a system, medium or carrier is the rate at which information is transmitted (Baldini et al., 2014). It is expressed in terms of bits per second. Another definition is the discrepancy between the lowest and highest component of frequency in terms of Hertz. Modulation: A carrier signal has several properties that can be modified. This process is termed as modulation. Modulation has two types of signals: modulating(message) and carrier signal. There are few types of modulation in wireless communication. They are as follows: Amplitude modulation: Wireless communication uses a carrier frequency of very high speed. Then this frequency is placed on the carrier by adjusting its amplitude. Figure 2: Amplitude Modulation (Source: Koenig et al., 2013, p.980). Frequency modulation: In this type of modulation, the carrier signals frequency is modified in order to transmit data. The modulating signal is imposed on the carrier signal. Figure 3: Frequency Modulation (Source: Liu et al., 2013,p.42) In the above diagram, the top signal is the message signal that is to be sent. The middle signal is the carrier frequency and then there is the modulated signal. Digital modulation: This type of modulation is used for discrete or digital signals like ones and zeros. It uses the discrete signals to modify the carrier frequency (Utdallas.edu, 2017).Amplitude Shift Keying is a modulation technique where the modulated signals amplitude depends on the input level (Viterbi Omura, 2013). In Phase Shift Keying, the modulated signals phase is changed but its frequency and amplitude remains the same. Interference:Interference can be defined as any type of disturbance that modifies or changes the signal that needs to be transmitted. Sometimes the signals between the source and the receiver are lost due to interference. Interference declines the performance of the system. For example, sometimes we lose the network connection while using our mobile phones due to interference. Wireless Transmission: Transmission in a wireless media does not take place through physical guided media. It takes place with the help of unguided media (Zhuang Ismail, 2012). There are no physical links between the devices in a wireless network. The electromagnetic spectrum is used for the transmission of signals over a wireless network. Figure 4: Wireless Transmission (Source: Zhuang Ismail, 2012, p. 15) Radio transmission: It is easy to develop radio frequency as its wavelength is large and it can pass through strong structures. Lower frequency radio frequency can pass walls but high radio frequencies can travel in a straight line (Ippolito, 2012). Microwave transmission: Electromagnetic waves that have a frequency above 100 MHz can travel in a linear path. Here the senders and receivers need to be arranged in a straight line(Huang Zhou, 2015). Antennas are used to receive the signals. Microwaves do not pass through walls as they have high frequency. Infrared transmission: The position of the infrared wave is between the microwaves and light spectrum (Barry, 2012). Short distance communications take the help of infrared wave. It has high frequency and cannot pass through walls. Light transmission: Optical signaling is the most high level electromagnetic spectrum. Laser is used in order to achieve this. It is an unidirectional transmission (Jovicic, Li, Richardson, 2013). The receiver and photo detector must be installed together and the transmitter and laser must be installed together.(Rajagopal, Roberts Lim, 2012). Types of Wireless Devices There are various types wireless devices. They are as follows: Wireless Routers: These routers receive a signal and sends it to the nearest device or router. Wireless Local Area Network consists of wireless routers. They are well protected with various kinds of firewalls and softwares (Peng Huang, 2015). The internet connection accessed by the people are mostly done by installing wireless routers. Wireless Adapters: These are hardware or physical devices that are installed within a computer. It allows a computer to access the internet (Magi, 2015). Accessing the internet is not possible without the use of wireless adapters. Most of the computers have in built wireless adapters in the motherboard. Figure 5: Wireless Adapter (Source: Magi, 2015, p. 10) Wireless Repeaters: These devices take in the input and magnifies it. After increasing the strength of the signal it sends back the signal (Hinman et al., 2016). A signals strength can be increased by positioning a wireless repeater between a router and a computer. Multiple Access Techniques Multiple access techniques (Standford.edu, 2017) are used by several portable users to simultaneously use or share the radio spectrum.The main motive of the cellular system is to increase the channel capacity (Rom Sidi, 2012). There are several ways to allow multiple accesss. Figure 6: Multiple Access Techniques (Source: Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014, p. 290). They are as given below: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): This is the main technology for the functioning of advanced services of the mobile phone. Different band of frequencies are allocated to different users.Its complexity is less than TDMA (Buranapanichkit Andreopoulos, 2012). The stations simultaneously receives and transmits information. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): There are situations where the requirement for continuous transmission is not there. In such cases TDMA is used (Electronic Design.com, 2017). Only one carrier frequency is used and shared among numerous users. TDMA allocates time slots for each user(Hu, Yao, Yang, 2014). Distinct time slots numbers are used for each frame. This is TDMAs advantage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): This technique is a technique where several transmitters use one channel for sending simultaneous information. The CDMA allows every user to use the entire available spectrum (Zhang et al., 2012). CDMA does not allot separate frequency for each user. CDMA is mostly used in transmission of data and voice. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA): This type of access is also called spatial division multiple access.All users are able to interact at a time. It uses the same channel for communication (Chen Haas, 2015). There is no chance of interference in SDMA.Tracking a moving or mobile user is easy for the base station of SDMA because the antennas used are directional in nature(Techopedia.com, 2017). 2.Description of a number of popular System/Protocols There are several major wireless networking technologies. Some of them are as follows: Brief Description of Bluetooth Technology This technology enables the people to establish connections among a variety of diverse wireless electronic devices for transferring and sharing of information (Bluetooth.com, 2017). Bluetooths main function is this. People are able to connect mobile phones to wireless earpieces through Bluetooth. People are able to connect keyboard, mike and wireless mouse to laptops through Bluetooth. It enables the users to transfer information among devices. Radio waves are used by Bluetooth for facilitating communication (Standford.edu, 2017). The range of the wave is 15 to 50 feet. The signal used by Bluetooth is low power in nature. Two devices can be connected by turning the Bluetooth option on which is present in the device. Bluetooth Architecture: Bluetooth architecture comprises of two types of networks: piconet and scatternet. Piconet contains eight nodes out of which one is a master node and others are the slave notes. Communication can take place only between master and slaves. Slaves cannot communicate among each other.Scatternet is the combination of various piconets. Stations can be a member of more than one piconets. Figure 7: Bluetooth Network (Source:Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015, p. 120) Advantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several advanatges. This technology is cost effective for the users. The power consumption ability of this technology is low. Users can easily install this in their systems. It is able to establish connections among wireless devices very easily. The range of this is far better than the communication done by infrared connections. Once bluetooth is installed in the system then it can be used without any extra cost. It uses a safe way to communicate data among the devices. Installation of this tecchnology in cars allow the people to talk over the phone while driving without creating any problem. It uses the FHSS techniques due to which there is less interference than created by other wireless technologies. Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology: Bluetooth technology has several disadvantages too. It uses radio frequency to facilitate communication that can penetrate the walls. This creates security issues. It is not safe to send personal or important business related data by using bluetooth. Hacking is very easy (Verma, Singh, Kaur 2015). Virus attacks are frequently seen while using this technology. Long range or long distance communication cannot be done. It permits to transfer data over a short distance. Connection problems often take place. It has been observed that the usage of battery is more while communicating or transferring data via bluetooth technology. Brief Description of Wi-Fi Wi-Fi is a kind of wireless technology that is used for communication (Elprocus, 2017). It enables several devices to be connected without any physical establishment. It uses radio frequency to provide internet at a high speed and connect to several devices and stations. The full form of Wi-Fi is Wireless Fidelity (WhatIs.com, 2017). It uses the spectrum of radio frequency in order to faciltate communication. It can have point to different point, multipoint to another multipoint network structure. Figure 8: Wi-Fi Technology (Source:Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015, p. 9080). Wi-Fi Architecture: Wireless LAN Architecture is used in Wi-Fi technology. The devices and stations in a wireless area network are arranged and positioned in a particular way. The transceivers form the access points in a WLAN. There are three main components in this architecture. They are the point of access, bridge and the clients. Access points help to transmit data. The components in the network are known as the clients. Bridge establishes communication points among wired and wireless networks. Advantages of Wi-Fi: The Wi-Fi technology is easily available to everyone. It is cost effective. It allows the users to easily connect to the internet and access several resources. The availability of public Wi-Fi allows the people in public places to access the world wide web. For example, shopping mall provides free Wi-Fi connection so that the customers and visitors can easily avail the internet. Access to the internet increases the productivity of the employees as they are abke to finish their task at a faster rate and keep in constant touch with the others. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi: This type of technology uses radio frequency spectrum for transmitting data. It has security issues because radio waves can pass through the walls. Wifi network is sufficient for a smaller range of network(Wenbo, Quanyu Zhenwei, 2015). For example, it is suitable for a home network. There are certain speed issues also regarding wifi. Brief Description of Mobile Technology It is a portable technology that allows wireless devices to communicate with one another. Mobile devices are laptops, tabs, mobile phones. This technology is the core of any telephonic system and mobile system. Architecture of Mobile Technology: It consists of the cell phone, base stations and controllers. The Base Transceiver Station is the antenna that is placed on top portion of the tower. Time division multiplexing techniques are used for transmittimg the signals. Figure 9: Mobile Technology (Source: Goggin, 2012, p. 100) Advantages of Mobile Technology: People are able to connect to the internet and carry out several important transactions. Online payment can be made without vsiting the actual location. People are able to access information regarding suppliers, customers and employees by sitting at home (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, 2017). Online shopping facility is also very helpful. Disadvantages of Mobile Technology: Huge cost is involved in the process of installation and training(Goggin, 2012).There is a chance of loss of valuable and sensitive data. Proper security software must be installed. Brief Description of RFID The full form of RFID term is Radio Frequency Identification (Technovelgy.com, 2017). It is a tiny device with a small chip that can bear huge amount of data. Figure 10: RFID Technology (Source:Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012, p. 160). Architecture: RFID technology contains three main components. Transponder are used for encapsulating information. Transceiver passes signals periodically. The data processing system is required for the processing and storage of information. There are low and high frequency systems. Advantages of RFID: It is used for scanning tags. It also provides the area or location. It facilitaes both read and write options. The speed of this process is extremely fast. It can be expressed in few miliseconds. Scanning using optical systems are slower then RFID. Several devices use the RFID technology for data transmission. Some of them are television, chordless phones and radio. These kinds of technologies can be used in schools and colleges for marking the attendances. Disadvantages of RFID: The battery usage of the system is extremely high. This is the main reason behind its high cost (Zhu, Mukhopadhya Kurata, 2012). Another negative point of this technology is its security. Such devices require to be installed with programs which is quite time consuming. Interference in the electromagnetic spectrum can lead to disturbance in reading a remote tag. It cannot cover an area more than 3 metres. Brief Description of NFC (Near-field Communication) NFC stands for Near-field communication. It is a collection of protocols that are used for communication purposes(Faulkner, 2017). It enables two mobile and wireless devices to be connected by bringing them near to each other. NFC devices are mostly used for making payments like using credit cards. Architecture of NFC: The baseband controller is the core part of the system. A link is established between the NFC controller and host controller by the HC interface. The NFC controller is responsible for securing the proximity of transaction. It is directly connected to the secure element. It contains memory card which is secured. Figure 11: NFC Technology (Source: Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013, p. 2265) Advantages of NFC: It provides high level of convenience to the users because it facilitates the joining of wallets and devices. It has high versality ( Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013). It gets easily adapted to any situation like bank cards, movie passes, keys. Broad range industries use this type of technology as this can be easily manipulated by developing the softwares. Disadvantages of NFC: The installation of NFC is totally dependent on the decision of the company. If the companies do not integrate it then the users will not get the advantages of rewards in the card system. Risk of this system is its security. If the credit card details are stolen then the customer will get badly affected. 3.Discussion of the Current Trends and Future Developmentof Wireless Communication Current Trends of development of Wireless Communication In this era of growing digital technology the merge of information technology and communication technology has led to the ICT. It enables people to reach varied information and resources at any time at any location. The telecom facilities is spreading at a fast pace. Introduction of wireless technology and mobile phones in the rural areas is allowing the traders of those areas and others to get information of their market products easily. They are aslo able to obtain online certificates. The spread of wireless technologies is increasing rapidly. Possibilities of Future Developments of Wireless Communication The communication system(wireless) that is being developed for the future is the fifth generation wireless mobile. This would make a real world of wireless communication. The future plan is to develop WWWW which stands for World Wide Wireless Web. The fifth generation of wireless networks are established on 4G. The 5th generation system will be supported by using Code division multiple access synchronized in a large area. There are no restrictions on the call volumes. Fifth generation needs to add more facilities and benefits over the fourth generation. Fifth generation needs to be more intellectual technology (Loo, Mauri, Ortiz, 2016). The aim should be to connect the entire world without any limits. The fifth generation is expected to create a world of continuos access to information that will open advanced dimensions to the lives of the people and bring about a significant change in the lifestyle. Limitations of Wireless Communication The major limitation of wireless communication network is its security. Public can access it frequently and this is the reason why the interface becomes very risky. The throughput of wireless technology is far less than wired technology. The wireless signals can have a negative impact on the health of the people. Unauthorized access to the network can expose sensitive data to the outside world, which can harm the individuals. Conclusion This report concludes that the fifth generation wireless communication technology is trying to bring about a global change.The aim of the fifth generation technology is to bind the world with information with no limits.This essay focuses on the principles of wireless communication. It defines certain terminologies that are required to understand wireless communication like spectrum, bandwidth, transmission and modulation.It explains about different wireless technologies like media like Wi-fi, bluetooth, NFC, RFID and mobile technologies. The use of ICT is growing with time. The fifth generation expects to see a more developed wireless communication technologies. References . Technovelgy.com. (2017).What is RFID? Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp Baldini, G., Karanasios, S., Allen, D., Vergari, F. (2014). Survey of wireless communication technologies for public safety.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(2), 619-641. Barry, J. R. (2012).Wireless infrared communications(Vol. 280). Springer Science Business Media. Bluetooth.com. (2017).What Is Bluetooth | Bluetooth Technology Website Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.bluetooth.com/what-is-bluetooth-technology Buranapanichkit, D., Andreopoulos, Y. (2012). Distributed time-frequency division multiple access protocol for wireless sensor networks.IEEE wireless communications letters,1(5), 440-443. Chen, Z., Haas, H. (2015, June). Space division multiple access in visible light communications. InCommunications (ICC), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 5115-5119). IEEE. Coskun, V., Ozdenizci, B., Ok, K. (2013). A survey on near field communication (NFC) technology.Wireless personal communications,71(3), 2259-2294. Electronic Design.com. (2017).Fundamentals of Communications Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, AND SDMA. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma Elprocus. (2017). ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students. Retrieved 20 July 2017, from https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-wireless-communication-applications/ Faulkner, C. (2017).What is NFC? Everything you need to know.TechRadar. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.techradar.com/news/what-is-nfc Goggin, G. (2012).Cell phone culture: Mobile technology in everyday life. Routledge. Hinman, B., Fink, J., Rangwala, M., Ramos, C., Spiteri, F., Harden, D. (2016).U.S. Patent No. D752,566. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hu, S., Yao, Y. D., Yang, Z. (2014). Cognitive medium access control protocols for secondary users sharing a common channel with time division multiple access primary users.Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,14(2), 284-296. Huang, K., Zhou, X. (2015). Cutting the last wires for mobile communications by microwave power transfer.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(6), 86-93. Ippolito, L. J. (2012).Radiowave propagation in satellite communications. Springer Science Business Media. Ji, M., Caire, G., Molisch, A. F. (2016). Wireless device-to-device caching networks: Basic principles and system performance.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,34(1), 176-189. Jovicic, A., Li, J., Richardson, T. (2013). Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(12), 26-32. Koenig, S., Lopez-Diaz, D., Antes, J., Boes, F., Henneberger, R., Leuther, A., ... Zwick, T. (2013). Wireless sub-THz communication system with high data rate.Nature Photonics,7(12), 977-981. Lin, X., Andrews, J. G., Ghosh, A. (2014). Spectrum sharing for device-to-device communication in cellular networks.IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,13(12), 6727-6740. Liu, V., Parks, A., Talla, V., Gollakota, S., Wetherall, D., Smith, J. R. (2013). Ambient backscatter: wireless communication out of thin air.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,43(4), 39-50. Loo, J., Mauri, J. L., Ortiz, J. H. (Eds.). (2016).Mobile ad hoc networks: current status and future trends. CRC Press. Magi, A. (2015).U.S. Patent No. D745,523. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. nibusinessinfo.co.uk. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-disadvantages-mobile-technology Peng, C. C., Huang, P. S. (2015).U.S. Patent No. D729,216. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Rajagopal, S., Roberts, R. D., Lim, S. K. (2012). IEEE 802.15. 7 visible light communication: modulation schemes and dimming support.IEEE Communications Magazine,50(3). Rom, R., Sidi, M. (2012).Multiple access protocols: performance and analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Standford.edu. (2017). Wireless Communication Retrieved 20 July 2017, from https://wsl.stanford.edu/~andrea/Wireless/SampleChapters.pdf Techopedia.com. (2017).What is Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)? - Definition from Techopedia. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2979/spatial-division-multiple-access-sdma Utdallas.edu.(2017). Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.utdallas.edu/~torlak/courses/ee4367/lectures/lecturedm.pdf Verma, M., Singh, S., Kaur, B. (2015). An Overview of Bluetooth Technology and its Communication Applications.International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology,5(3). Viterbi, A. J., Omura, J. K. (2013).Principles of digital communication and coding. Courier Corporation. Wenbo, Y., Quanyu, W., Zhenwei, G. (2015, July). Smart home implementation based on Internet and WiFi technology. InControl Conference (CCC), 2015 34th Chinese(pp. 9072-9077). IEEE. WhatIs.com. (2017). What is Wi-Fi (802.11x standard)?SearchMobileComputing. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Wi-Fi Zhang, Z., Lu, Z., Chen, Q., Yan, X., Zheng, L. R. (2012). Code division multiple access/pulse position modulation ultra?wideband radio frequency identification for Internet of Things: concept and analysis.International Journal of Communication Systems,25(9), 1103-1121. Zhu, X., Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Kurata, H. (2012). A review of RFID technology and its managerial applications in different industries.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,29(1), 152-167. Zhuang, W., Ismail, M. (2012). Cooperation in wireless communication networks.IEEE Wireless Communications,19(2), 10-20.

Star System In The Silent Cinema

A few years before the break out of the World War I, modernity in the entertainment sector was characterized by the merger of powerful capitalist and democratic forces into consumerism. In the early 20th century, the cinematography enhanced and the success of better movies resulted in continued opening of theaters in large numbers across America. Filmmakers started making more comedies, chase films, westerns and crime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Star System In The Silent Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, experimentation with narrative techniques and camera also intensified. The cinematographers of Brighton, England, also laid a foundation for film to develop from a primitive to a more advanced stage (Bordwell, 1999). The introduction of the star system proved to be an outstanding means of earning a profit from not only the production, but also distribution and even exposition of films. The st ar system As the consumerism increased in America, the star system emerged to market the actors as the main attraction to filmgoers. A renowned filmmaker, David Wark Griffith, enhanced the filming techniques such as close-ups, moving camera shots and point-of-view shots (Starr, 1985). The idea of color film also laid a foundation to Griffith’s filming. David Wark Griffith used actors such as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin. These stars formed United Artists organization later on (McDonald, 2000, p. 36). United Artists (UA) functioned as a distribution company for the films produced by the star names. The filmmakers were placed in a position where they could extend their economic power by negotiating broadly across the cinema industry. This organization helped enhance the film business impressively. The strength of star system is evident in Mary Pickford’s first United Artist film release, Pollyanna (1919) by Paul Powell (McDonald, 200 0, p. 35). In this film, Mary is featured as little girl in the title role. The film Pollyanna was produced through Mary Pickford Company and distributed by UA. By the age of 23, Pickford had already developed herself as the most influential woman in the motion-picture industry. Typically, a developed business practice in the exhibition sector was to lease prints from distributors at a fixed fee. However, Pollyanna was made available only on the basis of both a guaranteed base rental fee together with a percentage split of box office income. Despite complaints, the exhibitors reluctantly agreed to UA’s terms. This transformed the business practice for transactions between exhibitors and distributors. In the 1920s, Pickford’s profession experienced ups and downs in the stars financial and critical status. In spite of taking more adult roles in films, the filmgoers were unenthusiastic about letting Pickford abandon her child-woman image. Since its establishment, UA under went years of financial predicaments.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These financial recesses were partly attributed to the company’s star management which was ineffective. In 1951, Pickford eventually sold her UA shares and described UA as ‘sick unto death’ (Flom, 2009, p. 224). At the height of her appeal however, Pickford had clearly demonstrated the wide-ranging power that the star could wield across all sectors of the film industry (McDonald, 2000, p. 42). Pickford’s impact is not only exclusive to the silent era but also to the future. Pickford demonstrated lots of the trends that would improve the Hollywood star system in several years to come (Finler, 2003, p. 192). Specifically, Pickford exemplified the way stars have the ability to use their popular status as leverage to demand rapid increments in salary payments from producers. Pickford†™s profession also encouraged other stars and the upcoming ones to participate in box office earnings from the films they appeared in. Furthermore, her success showed the benefits that stars could gain by choosing to form their own independent production companies. These trends would all become key characteristic of the star system following the decline of the vertically integrated studio system that dominated Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. Pickford was therefore not only a product of the star system in the cinema but also a role model who displayed how it was possible for stars to find ways to use that system for their own success. The fundamentals of Hollywood The star system in American film industry developed through three ways namely: comprehensive division of labor, redefinition of performance space in narrative film, and the widespread marketing of individual film performers. The history of the star system and its emergence between 1907 to 1922 included different types o f discourse about film stars and the levels of knowledge relevant to analysis and understanding star images at all stages (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001). While film historiographies on acting and actors reveal the general work of film performance, the naming of picture personalities makes individual performers known through their publicly televised professional existence. Naming of stars not only enables the building of the personality’s identity and image through films, but also in other media such as magazines and newspapers. De Cordova uses star discourse to describe the extension of knowledge about film performers beyond on-screen appearances and into the off-screen lives of performers. With the star scandal, a stars private life becomes further divided between a publicly controlled private-image and hidden secret private-image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Star System In The Silent Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to De Cordova’s study, a general definition emerges of the star as an actor – professional manipulator of signs; as picture personality – as a personality extrapolated from films and as a star – as someone with a private life distinct from the screen image. Even though the discourses of actor, personality and star become levels of knowledge, with each seeming to add a further degree of depth to a star’s image, these levels do not operate separately but work together as what Richard de Cordova calls ‘collapsing levels of identity’ (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001). De Cordova uses the example of Pickford, which illustrates how the Hollywood industry and the stars themselves were quick to exploit the value of star identity as a personal monopoly (DeCordova Creekmur, 2001, p. 119). This goes further to claim that naming is important to making that identity into commercial and legal entity. Moreover, the star sys tem would develop through the use of such mechanisms to construct star identities. Additionally, those identities can be used as a means of promotion in the public domain. Subsequent development phases in the film industry as a whole influenced naming and use of star identities. Under the star system, Hollywood stardom zealously endeavored to find effective means to exploit the identities of popular artists. As the 1920s ended, the commercial control of the American film industry was concentrated in the hands of the ‘Big five’ leading companies: the Fox Film Corporation, Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO and MGM (Monaco, 2010). During this period, the star system worked under the general direction and guidance of these studios. The studio era in the 1930s and 1940s involved Hollywood working actively to brand and market its stars. Stars became a crucial asset in maintaining the supremacy of the main studios over the whole domestic film industry.This is attributed to the fact that in order to control the film market, the studios required the strong control of their stars. The five studios controlled the domestic film market. This domination determined the conditions under which all categories of stars would work in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. The studios established mechanisms deliberated on producing and reproducing the star phenomenon. This could be achieved by dynamically working to make and gain legal ownership of star identities. The studios employed stars on contracts in order to maintain control of their talent.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This enabled the studios manage and effectively exploit the images of the top stars. The stars could find it hard to work outside the studio system once they sign the contracts and with the studios controlling exhibition.Nevertheless,the stars could not work without the studios and the studios also needed the stars in order to run business. The stars themselves recognized the power of their identities and so did the studios. This resulted in the period of significant instances of struggles between stars and studios. While studios dominated the American film market, the star system plays a major role in its success. Individual stars determine the making of a blockbuster deal or breaking it. Mary Pickford of the silent era had set a trend for stars to demand for rapid rises in their earnings. Thus, the stars became costly making producers express concern over escalation of performer earnings.The life of Pickford and being financially independent through hard work provided a valuable r ole model for women. On the screen, Pickford had an ultimate appeal of heroines and a middle-class conventionality according to the needs of the film making. The star system is then bound to be permanent part of the film industry in America and any other part of the world. References Bordwell, D. 1999, On the history of film style. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. DeCordova, R., Creekmur, C. K. 2001, Picture Personalities: The Emergence of the Star System in America. University of Illinois Press: Urbana. Finler, J. W. 2003, The Hollywood story. Wallflower: London. Flom, E. L. 2009, Silent film stars on the stages of Seattle: A history of performances by Hollywood notables. McFarland Company: New York. McDonald, P. 2000, The star system: Hollywood’s production of popular identities. Wallflower Press: London. Monaco, P. 2010, A history of American movies: a film-by-film look at the art, craft, and business of cinema. Scarecrow Press: Lanham. Starr, K. 1985, Inventing the dream: California through the Progressive Era. Oxford University Press: New York. This essay on Star System In The Silent Cinema was written and submitted by user Mat1lda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essays

The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essays The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Tourism development depends on the local environment, but the hotel as a pillar industry of touristry, on environmental protection and sensible usage of resources made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹efforts straight related to the development of touristry and impact the sustainable development of society. 2. Review on Sustainability Marketing Since 90s, a moving ridge of green revolution is brushing the universe and the construct of sustainable development has been bit by bit accepted by the people. Nowadays, sustainability becomes a hot subject and chief subject of twenty-first century selling for hotel industry, because the future hotel development will be more focal point on protecting the balance of ecological environment, salvaging energy and cut downing pollution, but that is merely one manus. On the other, it is besides being an of import function in the selling scheme for any concern. Especial in today s extremely competitory hotel industry, how to separate self from others and run a long-run successful concern becomes a inquiry for all hotels direction. Let s discuss from the external and internal factors foremost which influences hotel sustainability. 2.1 External and Internal Factors Within the hotel industry, there are many ways we can speak about how to make sustainability, for illustration, recycling paper, altering normal bulbs to energy salvaging light bulb, utilizing non-polluting stuffs etc. But those steps merely can help in some little ways, sustainability is a much wider topic we can discourse. It is constituted with external and internal factors. There are six countries are illustrated linking together in an environment of economic success, societal duty, and ecological wellness ( Daub A ; Ergenzinger 2005 ) , and that six countries include location, selling, human resources, authorization, resource direction and output direction. These are non the lone elements that direction demands to see but it does give some indicant of the importance of each component in a affiliated environment. ( Holmberg, J. 1992 ) . Besides those external factors, environmental direction, H2O direction and energy direction as of import internal constituents direct influences hotel environmental sustainability. Throughout the factors, the sustainability development of the planetary hotel industry is non merely direct impact by internal factors, but external factors as a scheme component will help a hotel concern go beyond. 2.2 Definition of Sustainability Marketing The World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) defined sustainable development as development which meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevals to run into their ain demands. A ( Brundlland Commission Report, 1987 ) . This is a general account apply to all field. But in a concern context, sustainable development means taking a ternary underside line ( people, planet and net income ) attack so that the concern measures its success non merely on fiscal public presentation, but on its environmental and societal public presentation excessively ( Csreurope.org 1999 ) A . The Langham in Shanghai presently put ining LED screen for every hotel room, and it will expose each room s energy ingestion index ( ECI ) , presuming hotel set 150 point as the mean ECI, and if the index of the invitee s room below this mean value, every point that lower than the mean index, it can interchange to the tantamount hotel recognition value, guest can d evour goods within hotel utilizing this recognition value. 2.2.1 Different between Green Marketing and Sustainability Marketing Many people define sustainable selling as green selling. But from the definition between these two words, they still have elusive difference. Green selling has three constituents, it refers to retailing, societal selling and environment and it will assist an organisation minimise negative impact on the physical environment ( American Marketing Association ) . However, sustainable selling is the part that the selling profession can do to sustainable development ( Csreurope.org 1999 ) . Hence, green selling should be an of import member under sustainable selling in order to help hotel concern goes farther. Langham made a batch of energy salvaging attempt to accomplish the environmental protection, on the other manus, it helped hotel save cost. In add-on, it provided a different experience to allow their client be an conservationist. The director Mr Li from Langham reference that hotel wo nt give their invitee s stay experience to accomplish their ain environmental ends, but can added more enthusiasm of environmental protection when they stay at hotel, sustainability selling s purpose is non merely concentrate on cut down pollution, more of import is promote green consciousness in order to construct a green corporate image. Therefore, for those recommending environmental protection invitee can easy do a pick, select a hotel which their nucleus is sustainable development, so that non merely air their celebrity, but besides retain the invitee, that is the sustainable development route for a hotel. 2.4 The Importance Elements of Sustainability Marketing for Hotel Industry ia? ®aS ©?†°Ã‚ ©a ¤Ã‚ §aa? °câ„ ¢a ®?a Sustainable Travel international ( SIT ) is a planetary non-profit leader which announced the launch of the Luxury Eco Certification Standard ( LECS ) to luxury hotels, it h elps them create and implement a measuring and direction model move toward to sustainability. ( web site ) . It can be seen, for today s hotel industry, being a good know hotel is non merely reflect on assortment service they can supply, but besides give client a different experience to retain their trueness is the most of import elements for nowadays hotel. 2.5.1 Customer Satisfaction The hotel wo nt give client stay experience to accomplish its ain environmental ends. The hotel does non give invitees stay to accomplish their ain environmental ends. Guests spend money hoping to bask tantamount services, the hotel environmental protection, is non so that invitees can non make this can non make that, but I hope they add more environmental enthusiasm stay. Have a great sale non because of grate merchandise, because of service ) 7-11 2.4.2 Stigmatization A A A A In add-on, the execution of green selling is besides good to construct a green corporate image to guarantee, so companies gain a alone competitory advantage. 2.3 Development tendency of Sustainability Marketing Selling has a duty to accomplish profitable growing for the company ( KOTLER, P. , BOWEN, J. T. , A ; MAKENS, J. C. 2006 ) .A 2.3.1 Knows Customer Needs, Wants A ; Demand 2.3.2 Differentiate Merchandise from Other Rivals 2.5 Strategy Planning of Sustainability Marketing ?ˆZ?  ·ea? °ac »Ã‚ ­a?‘a ±iaˆZ?  ·cs„?Z-? : A SUSTAINABILITYaa »?c†? 2.4.1 SWOT Analysis 3. Decision

Make a Science Fair Poster or Display

Make a Science Fair Poster or Display The first step to creating a successful science project display is to read the rules concerning the size and types of materials allowed. Unless you are required to present your project on a single board, I recommend a tri-fold cardboard or heavy poster board display. This is a central piece of cardboard/posterboard with two fold-out wings. The folding aspect not only helps the display support itself, but it is also great protection for the interior of the board during transport. Avoid wooden displays or flimsy poster board. Make sure the display will fit inside any vehicle that is required for transportation. Organization and Neatness Organize your poster using the same sections as are listed in the report. Print each section using a computer, preferably with a laser printer, so that bad weather wont cause the ink to run. Put a title for each section at its top, in letters large enough to be seen from several feet away (very large font size). The focal point of your display should be your purpose and hypothesis. Its great to include photos and bring your project with you  if it is allowed and space permits. Try to arrange your presentation in a logical manner on the board. Feel free to use color to make your presentation stand out. In addition to recommending laser printing, my personal preference is to use a sans serif font because such fonts tend to be easier to read from a distance. As with the report, check spelling, grammar, and punctuation. TitleFor a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration that can be Tasted in Water. Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers. If you are using a tri-fold board, the title usually is placed at the top of the middle board.PicturesIf at all possible, include color photographs of your project, samples from the project, tables, and graphs. Photos and objects are visually appealing and interesting.Introduction and PurposeSometimes this section is called Background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project.The Hypothesis or QuestionExplicitly state your hypothesis or question. Materials and MethodsList the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.Data and ResultsData and Results are not the same thing. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. If you can, present the data in a table or graph. The Results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. More commonly, the Results section will explain the significance of the data or will involve a statistical test.ConclusionThe Conclusion focuses on the Hypothesis or Question as it compares to the Data and Results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answ ers, you may wish to explain ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could ​not draw valid conclusions based on your data. ReferencesYou may need to cite references or provide a bibliography for your project. In some cases, this is pasted onto the poster. Other science fairs prefer that you simply print it out and have it available, placed below or beside the poster. Be Prepared Most of the time, you will need to accompany your presentation, explain your project, and answer questions. Sometimes the presentations have time limits. Practice what you are going to say, out loud, to a person or at least a mirror. If you can give your presentation to a person, practice having a question and answer session. On the day of the presentation, dress neatly, be polite, and smile! Congratulations on a successful science project!

Colorado Water Supply to California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Colorado Water Supply to California - Essay Example This water is around 95 million acre feet and while most of it is absorbed by the forests and rangelands, some 16 MAF goes into rivers and creeks from where it is supplied to 4.6 million people in Colorado alone. Colorado has a legal obligation to serve other states and thus 8.8 MAF of water goes to south western states including Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. Even though California is dependent on Colorado for water supply, it needs to understand that water resources of the state are limited and droughts are common in Colorado causing even faster absorption of water. Colorado finds it increasing hard to serve a state as big as California and there are concerns about possible water shortage. California is a huge state and in order for Colorado to supply water, it needs to extract additional 6 MAF of water from reservoirs and storage systems. This has largely had a huge burden on Colorado's water system and during some heavy droughts, its agriculture, recreation, municipalities, and the environment suffered a serious blow. But Colorado is legally obligated to supply water to California due to several interstate compacts, international treaties, and court ordered apportionment. While the state is suffering because of heavy demand of water and not adequate supply, it has managed to somehow been the main supplier for decades. However this will increasingly become difficult as Colorado's population increases. Colorado's population is expected to increase by another 2.8 million by 2030. And this would mean greater demand for water. Colorado would then need an additional 630,000 AF of water supplies to meet its new obligations. Colorado is working on different plans to increase its water supply. Some of these include planning for new reservoirs and dams, expanding existing storage systems and conservation. Summers also place an additional burden on Colorado's water supply. As summer arrives, not only the demand for water increases, the supply also shrinks due to evaporation and heat. This puts Colorado in a precarious situation. We need to understand that while many neighboring states depend on Colorado water, the supply is still not enough and these demands are placing a huge burden on Colorado's capacity to generate water. 1 ("Colorado wrestles", 2007) California needs to exploit other ways in which in can meet the water demands of its people. Placing excess burden on one state is highly dangerous for the health of the state and its people. California has also been warned to limit its dependence on and use of Colorado water. The state is currently drawing much more water than it has been allotted but promises to reduce its dependence by 2015. In a news article, it was reported that, "Dubbed the "4.4 Plan," it lets California receive surplus Colorado River water that would otherwise go to the other states, in return for California's pledge to reduce reliance on the river within 15 years. California is entitled to 4.4 million acre feet of water a year under the 1928 Boulder Canyon Project Act. That agreement was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1964. Nevada is allotted 300,000 acre feet. Arizona gets 2.8 million acre feet. An acre foot of water is about 326,000 gallons, or roughly the amount needed for an average family of five fo r one year. In recent years, California's annual draw has grown to as much as 800,000 acre feet above its allotment."2

Robin Hood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robin Hood - Essay Example One of the manuscripts says that Robin Hood was born in 1155. Another manuscript dates his birth in 1220; another one states that he was born between 1280 and 1290 and that he was a part of a rebellion movement against Edward II in 1320. In addition, there is a lot of confusion over the birth place of Robin Hood. The ballads states that he was born in Locksly, Nottinghashire. They also suggest that Robin Hood was the son of William Fitzooth, who was the owner of the land of Loxley. (Vahimagi 30-33) In the popular culture Robin Hood is portrayed as living in Nottinghamshire. Many of the early ballads took place in Nottinghamshire, and they showed Robin Hood and his men fighting in the forest of Sherwood. Some of the early references suggest that Robin Hood may have origins from the land of Barnsland which is now known as the South Yorkshire. (Potter 17) There are many different sources which tell us about different locations referring to be Robin Hood's true home. A tradition belonging to the sixteenth century suggests Loxley as a birth place of Robin Hood. There is a well in Yorkshire known as the Robin Hood's well which is associated with him as early as 1400. His grave is located in the West Yorkshire with a headstone of doubtful authenticity. (Potter 19-20) We find the first references to the rhymes of Robin Hood from a poem written in 14th century by Piers Plowman. From the earliest surviving copies of the ballads it is very clear that Robin Hood had special regards for wo men. He had remarkable skills as an archer and had anti-clerical beliefs. He had a very hostile attitude towards the sheriff of Nottingham, too. (Blamires 28) In popular culture Robin Hood is seen as the supporter of King Richard the Lionheart who was a king in the 12th century. Robin Hood became an outlaw because of the misrule of the king's brother John. One of the oldest ballads known as the Robin Hood and the Monk tells us that Robin Hood had a very little support as a partisan of the king. (Blamires 50-56) The early ballads also provide us with clear picture about Robin Hood's social status. He is named as a yeoman, the meaning of this word have changed over the time from aristocrat to free retainer and landholder. But this word was generally referred to the commoners. In the sixteenth century many attempts were made particularly through two famous plays known as Earl of Huntingdon and Anthony Munday to give Robin Hood noble status. The legend of Robin Hood was also transmitted into Robin Hood games and important plays which were presented in the May Day festivities in the late medieval and early modern times. We find the first record of Robin Hood games in Exeter in 1425. (Hahn 17) But no one was certain about how old this tradition was at that time. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Robin Hood games have flourished. Thorough May games, Maid Marian and a jolly friar connected with the legend. The ballads associated with Robin Hood connect him with recognizable places and there are many people in the world who believe and who are convinced that Robin Hood was a real hero and a real person. There are different theories to indentify the real Robin Hood and for each theory there are numerous supporters. According to some theories Robin Hood was his real name. Other theories suggest that

Mercutio vs Romeo Essay Example for Free

Mercutio vs Romeo Essay Love is a hard thing to define but lust is a burning desire for another person, and it usually doesn’t last a very long time. Love can transform over years and still remain consistent. Lust is superficial when only the appearance is considered but nothing else, which can be called ‘love at first sight’. Lust is only a short-term relationship, whereas love leads to a deeper understanding of the other person and one develops affection and caring for them. Mercutio’s idea of love doesn’t involve commitment, is more realistic than Romeo’s view and Mercutio doesn’t allow love to inflict any pain. Romeo’s idea of love includes commitment, and has a deeper, more passionate love and he allows himself to be vulnerable to his emotions and lets them take over. Mercutio and Romeo’s view on love are both similar in the sense that they involve desire for a girl and they are driven by their emotions. Both are fuelled by madness and this leads to them making rash decisions that result in a big loss and in Mercutio’s case, his life. Mercutio’s anger and feud with Tybalt leads him to go mad and be stabbed to death. Romeo’s anger gets the better of him which results in him stabbing Tybalt, after just having married Juliet. In the end, Romeo’s grief over Juliet’s ‘death’ overcomes his will to listen to reason and this poor decision ends up terminating his life too soon. Another similarity is that both characters are captivated by looks. They both speak of a woman’s outer appearance and have rarely talked about their personalities. When Romeo first sees Juliet, he marvels at her beauty without trying to figure out who see really was. O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night, Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear; Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear† (1. 5. L. 44-47) In Act II, Scene 2, we see Mercutio trying to lure Romeo out by describing Rosaline’s appearance, â€Å"I conjure thee by Rosaline’s bright eyes, By her high forehead and her scarlet lip, By her fine foot, straight leg, and quivering thigh. †(2. 1. L. 17-19) In the start of the play, Romeo and Mercutio think that all ther e is to ‘love’ is having sex. Even the servants, Sampson and Gregory mentioned wanting to sexually harassing the maids of the Montagues. â€Å"That shows thee a weak slave; for the weakest goes to the wall. † â€Å"’Tis true; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall. † (1. 1. L. 12-17) This proves that most men in this time thought of themselves as superiors compared to women. As the play progresses, Romeo’s view on love changes after he meets Juliet. After meeting Juliet, he falls in love with her as a whole instead of just her appearance. While there are minor similarities between Mercutio and Romeo’s view on love, the differences are pronounced and deserve thorough examination because the line between lust and love is very confusing and many people in society mix the two up. On one hand, Mercutio’s view can be described as ‘a chase for something sexual’. He never mentions settling down with a girl and having a committed relationship. Mercutio, unlike Romeo, does not believe in fate deciding his path, instead he lives in the moment. Mercutio doesn’t let love overthrow his conscience and guide his actions. Romeo says â€Å"Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like a thorn. † (1. 4. L. 25-26), to which Mercutio replies with â€Å"If love be rough with you, be rough with love; Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. † (1. 4. L. 27-28) In those lines, he talks about how in order to defeat love and to not have it afflict with your actions is to have sex instead of loving someone and go through the pain of them not reciprocating your feelings. On the other hand, Romeo has a romanticized view which is shown by his strong reliance on fate, and the stars. In these lines, Romeo says â€Å"I am too enpierced with his shaft, To soar with his light feathers, and so bound, I cannot bound a pitch above dull woe. Under love’s heavy burden do I sink† (1. 4. L. 19-22) Romeo is being pulled down by the amount of pain from not being able to see Rosaline. At first he’s a victim of being caught up in Rosaline’s looks and mistook it as love. It wasn’t until he met Juliet that he truly discovered the true meaning. Romeo wallows in self-pity and loves by night. â€Å"I have night’s cloak to hide me from their sight; And but thou love me, let them find me here: My life were better ended by their hate, then death prorogued, wanting of thy love† (2. 2. L. 75-78) In contrast, Mercutio appears in the play mostly in the day and shows that he believes he can control his life and is more realistic than Romeo. He serves as the contrasting character to show a ifferent perspective on love from Romeo’s passionate, and emotional view on love. In culmination, Romeo’s idea of love is stimulated, loyal, and susceptible to pain. Romeo shows his vulnerability and readers and viewers of the movie have an easier time relating to his feeling for heartbreak. His loyal and never changing love for Juliet even as she was ‘dead’ made readers fall in love with his character. Although Romeo and Mercutio have different perspectives on love, they also have similarities which make them able to be such good friends.

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly - The purpose of the inspectors Visit :: English Literature

Help the audience understand The purpose of the inspectors Visit. Show how a production of â€Å"An Inspector Calls† could Help the audience understand The purpose of the inspectors Visit. The play â€Å"An Inspector Calls† written by J.B Priestley is set in 1912. There are a few things that support this, that are heard in the first part of the play. â€Å"The titanic-she sails next week† â€Å"All these capital versus Labour† â€Å"These silly little war scores† All of these events happened just before 1912 and so we know that the play is set just before 1912. The Birlings are an upper class family with a high social position which can be seen by the fact that Mrs Birling doesn’t have to work and they have servants and maids to do house work for them. There high social position can also be seen because Mr Birling being a magistrate and is still on the bench. At this time the Birlings are in a great, and very happy mood. They are all looking forward to the wedding of their daughter and Gerald. They are all drinking port and are celebrating a special occasion with a large meal that has been set out for them by the maids. This is also another indication that the Birlings are a well off family. The inspector’s arrival changes the atmosphere a lot and turns the room into a hostile place. Mr Birling is very surprised to see an inspector and thinks that it is something to do with Mr Birling being a magistrate. The inspector interrupts Mr Birling taking to Gerald and Eric. Mr Birling is telling the two men how to look after themselves, and that’s the most important thing. Mr Birling gets this point across when he says â€Å"A man has to make his own way-has to look after himself† â€Å"That a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own† From these quotes that Mr Birlings says you can see that he only thinks about him and preaches that. The inspector arrives at this time and this is very significant, because this is what the inspector has come to prove wrong. The lighting is described as â€Å"pink and intimate† until the inspector arrives and then I think that the lighting should be â€Å"brighter and harder†. The lighting is as pink and intimate before the inspector comes as it gives the impression of the family relaxing and having fun. When the inspector comes it shows that the family are more on edge. The brighter light is there to show all corners and all secrets of the family. The inspector should stand at the head of the table to symbolise his

Swarovski Branding Strategies & Products

SWAROVSKI. Branding for luxury goods Group G. Members: Truong Anh Bao Nguyen Yunkyung Choo Lilit Nagapetyan CONTENT: 1 History 2 Concept 3 Brand Strategy 4 Marketing Mix 5 Positioning 6 Services 7 Target Consumer 8 CBBE Pyramid 9 SWOT analysis 10 Competitors 11 Recommendation 12 References 1. HISTORY: 1882 Daniel Swarovski (1862-1956) invents a revolutionary machine that allows crystals to be cut more precisely than with existing manual methods. 1895 Daniel Swarovski founds the company in Wattens, Tyrol, with the vision of bringing joy to people through crystal.His guiding principle is still followed by the company today: â€Å"To constantly improve what is good. † 1949 SWAROVSKI OPTIK is founded, and goes on to become a leading manufacturer of precision optical instruments for hunting and nature observation (binoculars, telescopes, rifle scopes, range finders, and night vision and optronic devices). 1956 The first Swarovski crystals for chandeliers and lighting are launched, and in 1977 are registered under the STRASS Swarovski Crystal name.Today they adorn classical chandeliers, suche as those in the Palace of Versailles and the Metropolitan Opera, New York, as well as more modern lights. Swarovski starts to manufacture precision-cut gemstones. 2002 Swarovski develops Crystal Fabric: countless tiny crystals create a delicate shimmer over a variety of materials. 2003 In conjuction with leading fashion and jewelry designers, â€Å"Runway Rocks† is founded – a collection of unique jewelry pieces featuring crystal for the catwalk, showcasing design and innovation 2009 At the â€Å"Baselword† watch and jewerly exhibition, Swarovski launches its first watch collection. . CONCEPT More than a century ago, Daniel Swarovski, its founder, once said â€Å"A diamond of everyone† that sparkles everyone's lives, Swarovski today has been thriving for the best to serve its customers, being one of the finest crystal producers in today’ s global industry. Mission Through the mastery of the poetry of precision we continue to be market leader, driving force and reliable partner within our industry to meet people’s desire for adornment and delight since 1895 as * manufacturer, marketer, and retailer of premium jewelry and customer products ranging from decorative objects to lighting and accessories. manufacturer and marketer of premium jewelry stones for customers. * Swarovski provides high quality products and services and anticipate, fulfill and exceed consumers’ desires and customers’ needs. * Swarovski offers our colleagues and teams fulfilling challenges that inspire them to be innovative and creative. 3. BRAND STRATEGY: Not so long ago Swarovski was not very famous and didn't have any branding strategies. ‘For a long time Swarovski didn't â€Å"brand† its product. And back then it wasn't really about branding as it is nowadays.We had to develop a hard-core communications strateg y – a PR strategy – which we pitched to the editors and designers. ‘ said Nadja Swarovski, Swarovksi Vice president of International Communications. Today, Swarovski is almost omnipresent everywhere from fashion awards, catwalk shows, film premieres; its crystals are used by fashion designers from the edgiest Central Saint Martins graduate to the hallowed ateliers of Armani, Dior and Chanel. This is where the real success of Swarovski lies: by aligning the company with the most avant-garde young fashion talent.When the hottest British designers of the time, Alexander McQueen, Philip Treacy and Julien Macdonald used Swarovski crystal mesh – a fine fishnet gauze studded with tiny crystals – in his catwalk show, it immediately changed people's perception of the brand. ‘The McQueen show provided a visual that was very different to the standard idea people had of us,' Nadja says. The company then began to re-establish the company's links with the f ashion world, sponsoring younger designers who are in need of capital to make their label take off.Nearly ten years later this winning formula is still producing results. Designers, no matter how edgy or cool, all seem to want to use Swarovski crystals and accept sponsorship. ‘If you're a young designer starting a collection, it's great to have crystal in there because it makes it more haute couture,' Nadja says. ‘It adds elegance, a seriousness, credibility. In fashion, if you have something to prove, then couture, or at least craftsmanship, is the right track. â€Å" Not only enraptured the fashion world, Swarovski also moved on to the film industry.Some of Swarovski's most high-profile projects have been Moulin Rouge, where the sets and costumes groaned under the weight of Swarovski crystals, Titanic and the recent Bond films. During Oscar season Nadja sets up camp in Los Angeles, and stylists can browse the Swarovski jewellery, shoes and handbags with a view to dres sing their clients on the red carpet. These days Swarovski crystals adorn everything from iPods and mobile phones to Maria Sharapova's new Nike tennis dress. They even covered, whisper it, Jordan's wedding dress. 4.Marketing Mix Products: The Swarovski Crystal range includes crystal glass sculptures and miniatures, jewelry and couture, home decor, and chandeliers. They're best known for imitating â€Å"colored germs† All sculptures are marked with a logo. The original Swarovski logo was an edelweiss flower, which was finally replaced with the current swan logo in 1988 Subsidiary companies: Swarovski Fashion accessories and crystal-based ornaments. Daniel Swarovski Jewelry, handbags, accessories and interior design objects. Swarovski Optik Optics.Atelier Swarovski Fashion and jewellery designers. Swarovski Crystal Palace Avant-garde lighting and design (chandeliers etc. ). Swarovski Elements Crystal designs. Swarovski Gemstone Business Gemstone designs. Swarovski Lighting Swar ovski finished lighting products and solutions with crystal for architecture. Tyrolit A bonded grinding and dressing tools company. Swareflex A road safety products specialist. Schonbek A crystal chandelier manufacturer. Touchstone Crystal Swarovski's direct sales company for ready-made jewelry PlaceAll boutiques are beautifully set up and conveniently located in the fashion mall/heart of big 19 metropolitan cities from Dubai, Madrid, Hongkong to New York City over 20 countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Also online website is available with convenient shipping services Price 100$ to $42,800/item Promotion Promotion is via press, social network (Twitter, Facebook, Youtube) as well as via traditional and on-going sponsorship for young talented artists/ designers to use Swarovski crystals in any kinds of their designs in fashion show, film awards, etc.Therefore, the best season to promote Swarovski crystals is during the fashion week (twice a year- January to March and from September to October) and movie/film award ceremonies seasons (October to February) 5. Positioning Swarovski is positioning itself as a luxury fashion by creating a customer experience to let people know Swarovski’s brand values of innovation and modernity. They would like to position themselves as creating premium, high-quality products for the consumers. They are trying to be a market leader in the luxury jewelry industry by innovating continuously.Recently, Swarovski hired Yellowdoor as retained agency, which will focus on positioning as an affordable luxury brand. * Luxury fashion brand * Market leader in the luxurious crystal industry * Multi-faceted business * Affordable luxury brand 6. Service * Collection of rings, pins, earrings, pendants, necklaces, hair jewels, cuff links, charms, brooches, bracelets, bangles and gifts. * Large variety of color options * Vast selection of gifts available for fewer than $100 * Magazine and group for Swarovski enthusiasts. * Free shipping standard on orders more than $95 * Customized gift messages Free gift wrapping and bag * Scheduled delivery * Right to return (2 week return policy) * Product warranty * After sales services 7. Target Customer Swarovski's target customer is â€Å"every female† from 17 to 71 in terms either of buying or gift receiving because they offer diverse products to such a broad range of people. Even though each group (tweens, generations X,Y and Baby Boomers) has its own needs and values, Swarovski meets most of them. Swarovski Jewellery bases most of its market on women of age 25 and above by creating bridal, business, classical and sophisticated collections.It also include men accessories such as bracelets and watches, and of course kids over 6 years old. Also, one of the biggest Swarovski's market target today is fashion industry. Swarovski crystals are affixed to everything from Victoria's Secret bra sets and Kawasaki motorcycles, to the clothing collections of such as Dolce ; Gabbanna and avant-garde vintage revisionists Imitation of Christ. 1) Women collection of * Sophisticated * Business * Classical * Bridal collections 2) Men MEN’s collection * Rings * Bracelets * Necklaces 3) Kids * Disney collection Hello Kitty collection 4) Other Industries: Swarovski crystals are affixed to everything. * Victoria's Secret bra sets * Kawasaki motorcycles * Clothing collections * DJ Headphones 8. CBBE Pyramid Resonance: HIGH LOYALTY Brand resonance is high due to active loyalty of customers Consumer Judgments: GLOBAL BRAND WITH RICH HERITAGE Perfect and innovative crystal products High quality production Consumer Feeling: PRESTIGIOUS ELEGANCE Prestigious, elegant, fragile, dedicated, timeless Humble and sophisticated Feels like a fairy Brand Performance: EXCELLENT SERVICESExtremely durable, serviceable Offers timeless, high quality crystal products Innovative product lines: Optik gears, etc. Brand Imagery: GLAMOROUS Glamorous luxurious crystal pro ducts Women/young ladies with high income, high taste of elegant sophisticated jewelries Brand Salience: HIGH DEPTH & BREADTH Extremely high recognition on the crystal market Most known for its crystal jewelries product line If it's crystal, it’s nothing else but Swarovski! 9. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Strong brand identity and high company reputation World widely recognized market leaderCheap materials, high added value products Craftsmanship (durable quality) Online store New techniques Perfection High quality After sales services Weaknesses Expensive production in Austria Repetitive design Opportunities Diversity of customers of all ages New markets in Latin America ; emerging markets in Asia Various product lines through collaboration Unlimited design according to crystal cutting Threats Cheaper competitors Imitators/substitutes Relies on disposable income of consumers Slowdown in market growth Cheaper artificial crystal 0. Competitors Price: Cartier – Swarovski â⠂¬â€œ Pandora – Preciosa Reputation in jewelry market: Cartier – Swarovski – Pandora – Preciosa Variety of jewelry products: Pandora – Swarovski – Cartier – Preciosa Quality of crystal: Swarovski – Cartier – Preciosa – Pandora 11. Recommendation †¢Product Strategy Swarovski should expand its business in the jewelry market, having more product lines as well as jewelry designs since it's already has a reputation in the crystal industry: Extend their product lines (perfumes, watches, Home electronics , etc. Extend their jewelries products (leather bracelet, wedding ring, etc. ) Focus on jewelry customization †¢Place: Establish stores in Latin America and expand business in emerging markets †¢Pricing No changes †¢Promotion No changes 12. REFERENCE: http://www. swarovski. com/ http://www. brand. swarovski. com/Content. Node/home. fr. html#/en/aboutus/ourevolution http://www. brand. swarovski. com/Co ntent. Node/home. fr. html#/en/aboutus/spirit http://swarovskijewrley. blogspot. fr/2010/09/week-4-marketing-environment. html http://online-jewelry-review. optenreviews. com/swarovski-review. html http://www. brandchannel. com/ http://www. prweek. com/uk/news/890882/Swarovski-hires-Yellowdoor/? DCMP=ILC-SEARCH http://fashion. telegraph. co. uk/news-features/TMG3361538/Swarovski-the-glitz-spirit. html http://www. crystalfanaticsclub. com/about_swarovski. php http://globalfashionanalytics. com/ritejl/brending/157-marketingovaja-strategija-v-ljuksovom-segmente. htm http://news. naver. com/main/read. nhn? mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=001&aid=0005922714

Cognitive Effects of Early Bilingualism Essay

The American educational system has fallen behind other leading nations in the world in many respects, one of which is in bilingual instruction. This has traditionally been overlooked in the United States until the high school level. Children in today’s society should be made more prepared for the growing globalism and technological advances throughout the world instead of losing educational opportunities due to economic downfall and lack of resources. This includes a second language acquisition introduced earlier in the program. On top of political reasons, the positive effects to the cognitive development of the brain when introduced to a second language are many. The age of acquisition is crucial due to the plasticity of the brain which, according to the critical period hypothesis, begins to plateau after five years of age. The current policy in early education limits greatly the amount of extracurricular lessons provided in accordance with government policies such as No Ch ild Left Behind, which restricts school funding based on standardized testing only in certain subject areas. School programs, realistically beginning in elementary education, should include foreign language study due to the strong evidence that bilingualism in children can develop higher cognitive abilities which can be enhanced with proficiency and positively influence skills in other areas. Old arguments suggest that, â€Å"children who are instructed bilingually from an early age will suffer cognitive or intellectual retardation in comparison with their monolingually instructed counterparts† (Diaz 24). Much of the research from the past supporting this argument focused on older bilinguals, mostly adults who may have shown competent abilities in a second language but who had much later ages of acquisition and who usually acquired the second language outside of the home. Many early studies in this field worked with children of immigrants who showed lower abilities in cognitive tasks most likely because of the lack of proficiency in the second language (L2) and lack of proper schooli ng in relation to this deficiency (Kovà ¡cs 307). In correlation with poorly chosen test subjects, the studies were typically done with orthographic representations of words that would have been more difficult for younger test subjects to work with. For example, a study done by Ton Dijkstra, Professor of Psycholinguistics and Multilingualism at the Donders Institute, which focused only on adult English/Dutch bilinguals–the youngest being fifteen years old, all of whom studied their L2 in a middle or high school level. This study included only written examples of words and had the subjects determine if the word was English or Dutch. The results were able to somewhat prove Dijkstra’s theory of Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) which underlines the effects orthography has on L1 and L2 word retrieval that is â€Å"assuming, of course, that the same orthography is used in the input† (Dijkstra 217). If this study were done on younger children, it is sure they would not have performed as well since children are typically less familiar with the written language than with the spoken. Older language learners would make more use of the written approach to learning, such as a textbook, while younger learners typica lly learn more from a speech-based approach, like conversationally in the home. The textbook approach is a symbolic processing which differs from the more embedded cognitive retrieval of the speech-based learning approach utilized by younger children to understand the two languages. There have been many studies over the past few years that have proven the opposite of these older arguments. Many of the studies have tested the cognitive abilities of young children, usually aged six and under in accordance with the critical period hypothesis, with both monolingual and bilingual proficiency. These experiments are concerned with cognitive tasks including false-belief tasks and grammar testing to determine the ability to hold abstract thought in the L2 as well as phonemic testing in order to find if there is an ability to distinguish between the phonemes of the different languages. The majority of these studies have tested subjects using visual representations and vocal experiments with proctors who have experience working with children and are trained in both languag es being tested. The more useful subjects are usually taught implicitly, or passively in the home. Although some make use of explicitly taught subjects, meaning they learned actively in a class setting. It has been proven that an infant of four months has the incredible linguistic discrimination abilities to distinguish languages with different prosody and phonemes (Kovà ¡cs 303). An infant is then better equipped to attain more native-like proficiency later in life when exposed this early to the sounds and rhythm of the L2. Doctor in Communication Sciences, Karsten Steinhauer explains, â€Å"that late L2 learners stabilize at some point short of native-like attainment [which] most recently has been discussed in terms of phonological/prosodic interference from L1† (Steinhauer 15). When a young child is introduced to two separate languages, the mechanisms of attention, selection, and inhibition become more fine-tuned due to the experience of attending to one language and ignoring the other (Kovà ¡cs 303, 308). The training in encoding and the association of two correspondi ng words with a common concept underlines the superior representational abilities a bilingual retains especially when the L2 is entrenched in the brain the way early acquisition allows. Linguist à gnes Melinda Kovà ¡cs presents research proving that monolinguals typically attain these abilities at the age of four years while young bilinguals gain these skills much earlier (Kovà ¡cs 316). The brain’s plasticity allows the young child to hold and use the two languages without interference and with continued usage the child will be more likely to attain full native-like proficiency in both languages. Kovà ¡cs also explains that since the brain remains active during demanding tasks, the brain may take on the extra load of two languages as a constructive challenge. The young, malleable brain may possibly â€Å"greatly adapt to [the challenge], for example, by changing its morphology† (Kovà ¡cs 308). A type of adaptation has been proven in studies done by neuroscientist Andrea Mechelli, which were concerned with the grey matter surrounding the left inferior parietal cortex, the general area associated with language use containing the Broca’s are a. These studies confirmed that the grey matter in this area is denser in early-acquired bilinguals. The density decreases in correlation with proficiency in the L2 with monolinguals having the least dense matter (Mechelli 757). This may be the case because a later acquired L2 is held at a more surface level of the brain and requires the use of the declarative memory instead of the procedural memory. Many tests have been done to determine the amount of brain activity associated with language in the left inferior parietal cortex through the use of event-related brain potential, or ERPs. Dr. Steinhauer describes ERPs as â€Å"reflecting the real-time electrophysiological brain dynamics of cognitive processes with an excellent time resolution in the range of milliseconds,† and that ERPs â€Å"have been hypothesized to be linked to rule-based automatic parsing† (Steinhauer 16). Measurements of ERPs are taken while subjects perform syntactically poignant tasks. Since it is thought that syntactic processes are generally automatic or a part of â€Å"implicit grammar processi ng† (Steinhauer 17), the ERP components would be more difficult to elicit in later acquired bilinguals. Steinhauer et al. performed several studies in this area, working with many real and one artificial language labeled BROCANTO 2. In each case, the subjects were given grammaticality judgment tasks in the given language, such as subject-verb agreement violations and lexical anomalies. For each group, the early acquired or implicitly taught subjects educed the same type of ERP responses as native speakers. Late-acquired or explicitly instructed subjects showed more shallow responses, if any at all in this area. These findings show that â€Å"syntactic processes appear to be sensitive to delays in L2 acquisition† (Steinhauer 19). One of the most prominent issues in L2 proficiency is attaining the phonemic boundary between the two languages. Monolinguals are usually unable to distinguish the sounds of a language other than their own. The more proficient a bilingual is in their L2, the more able they are to perceive the two types of phonemes and to determine which is correct in a given phonological circumstance. The phonemic boundary is the least likely area to be fossilized in a late-acquired bilingual. There have been several studies done which have proven this, including a 2008 study done by Adrian Garcia-Sierra, professor of Communications at the University of Texas. In this study, the voice onset time, or VOT, of thirty college students was tested. Half of the students were English monolinguals while the other half were English/Spanish bilinguals who described themselves as fluent speakers of both languages and who learned their L2 at home. This study was done in Austin, Texas where some Spanish is integrated into the daily culture. The results showed that the more fluent bilinguals were more apt to â€Å"a perceptual shift†¦associated with high level of confidence in English and Spanish†¦[and] that highly confident L2 bilinguals are more likely to possess a double phonemic boundary† (Garcia-Sierra 378). This shows that more proficient bilinguals will have a stronger ability to determine different phonemes, which also underlines the effects bilingualism has on a dvanced discrimination and attention skills. Another recent study performed on early bilinguals was done by a group of psychologists headed by Michael Siegal. The experiments tested the pragmatic skills of 41 children in northeastern Italy. All were between the ages of three and six years old, with 19 Italian monolinguals and 22 Italian/Slovenian bilinguals who attended the same preschool taught only in Italian. The children were tested on the Gricean maxims of conversational understanding. These are four basic rules which provide a foundation for pragmatic competence including quality, quantity, relevance, and politeness. The groups of children were shown cartoons with characters having conversations that contained one response created in order to break one of the maxims. The children were then asked which of the characters said something strange or rude and to provide a more appropriate response when the statement was positively identified. The main thesis in this study was that bilingualism requires â€Å"the capacity for flexibility in the representation of language and objects [which] suggests that early bilingualism should be accomp anied by advanced meta-pragmatic skills† (Siegal 115). This theory was upheld by the results of these tests in which the bilingual children outperformed the monolinguals by much more than a chance margin, especially in the maxims of politeness and quality even though many bilinguals had a delayed vocabulary in their L2. The psychologists behind this study suggest that bilingualism can be â€Å"accompanied by an enhanced ability to appreciate effective communicative responses† (Siegal 115). The results of this research seem to highlight the idea that the acquisition of a second language allows a child to remove themselves from the comfortable context of their native language and to realize that it is more necessary to provide useful information and use polite tones for more a successful exchange in both languages. Recently, studies have been performed concerning the effects and importance of early-acquired bilingualism in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Research in this area shows that it is less likely for a bilingual individual to be affected by these types of diseases. The majority of the hypotheses behind this statistic pertain to the activity in the brain that is needed to think and speak bilingually. This constant activity exercises the brain in a way that is counterintuitive to the deterioration involved with these disorders (Paradis 216). The research behind Parkinson’s disease explains that the procedural memory is affected greatly sometimes causing a loss of the L1. This is partnered with a tendency to â€Å"produce a smaller portion of grammatical sentences†¦and exhibit deficits in comprehension of complex syntactic forms† (Paradis 217). This is likely linked to the deterioration of the left inferior parietal cortex, the same area in the brain discussed earlier, which is associated with syntactic processes and holding the L1. On the other hand, bilingual patients with Alzheimer’s show a loss in t heir L2 as well as in semantic abilities and a gradual loss of pragmatic, phonological, and syntactic structures. More common in this type of dementia is a puzzlingly inappropriate mixture of the two languages (Paradis 222). This is due to the break down of the declarative memory caused by the dementia. The declarative memory is involved with metacognition, which is why it affects such things as the less familiar language, pragmatic skills, and the selective attention abilities of bilinguals. The major finding in these studies is that â€Å"the differences observed in psychotic conditions as well as in dementias are caused by the increased reliance on declarative-memory-based (and hence consciously controlled) explicit metalinguistic knowledge† (Paradis 222). The advances made in early bilingual research have been great over the past few decades. Through these studies and so many more, it has been made clear that bilinguals with early ages of acquisition not only achieve more native-like proficiency but also tend to have more advanced cognitive abilities than their monolingual peers. These include but are not exclusive to increased analytical, representational, selective, and control abilities. Bilingualism also implies more developed metalingustic awareness and mental flexibility. Early bilinguals have also shown greater abilities in pragmatics and phonemic discrimination. In opposition to old arguments, Kovà ¡cs writes, â€Å"The bilingual condition could be stimulating for the highly plastic developing mind of the child, and induces specific changes in the brain and cognitive systems† (Kovà ¡cs 317). The higher development has been seen in ERP testing and in the density of grey matter involved in the linguistically apt area of the brain. Educators and policy makers should consider this information when planning early education programs. Those enriched with the benefits of a bilingual education are not only better off cognitively, but in the modern world, would be more prepared for the global society and workplace. Works Cited Diaz, R â€Å"Thought and Two Languages: The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development.† Review of Research in Education 10 (1983): 23-54 Dijkstra, Ton. â€Å"Task and Context Effects in Bilingual Lexical Processing.† Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism (2007): 213-235. Garcia-Sierra, Adrian, Randy L. Diehl, and Craig Champlin. â€Å"Testing the double phonemic boundary in bilinguals.† Speech Communication 51 (2009): 369-378. Kovacs, Agnes Melinda. â€Å"Beyond Language: Childhood Bilingualism Enhances High- level Cognitive Functions.† Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism (2007): 301-323. Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., and Price, C.J. 2004. Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature. 431: 754. Siegal, Michael, Laura Iozzi, and Luca Surian. â€Å"Bilingualism and conversational understanding in young children.† Cognition 110 (2009): 115-122.